Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 2801 - 2900 of 3204
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Tantalum Hybrid Capacitors - The Capacitors with the Highest Power Density in Medium Voltage Range
From: Evans GroupDescription: Tantalum Hybrid electrolytic/electrochemical capacitors are very versatile components, used in a wide variety of applications. This paper deals with pulse discharge characteristics measurement and ...
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The Littlest Big Capacitor -- An Evans Hybrid
From: Evans GroupDescription: High-energy-density capacitors with a tantalum metal anode, Ta2O5 dielectric, aqueous electrolyte, and RuO2 cathode have been described.1 Known as Evans Hybrid capacitors, these devices have the high ...
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How many cells do I need in my Fuel Cell? (Simple Fuel Cell Design Guide)
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: hanks to our handy FC Design Sheet, you can take an IV curve of any MEA, choose an active area, operating point (current density) and desired power output and we will tell you how many MEAs you will ...
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How much Hydrogen (or Oxygen) will my Electrolyzer make?
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: There are a lot of design considerations that go into an electrolyzer that will dictate what pressure they can operate at, their efficiency, safety, etc. Today I will let you worry about all the ...
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Why is humidity / moisture control important in a Fuel Cell?
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: The root of all of this is that Nafion membranes must stay hydrated to function properly. If they are not fully humidified the conductivity decreases and therefore more of the electricity is converted ...
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To Flex or Not to Flex: That is the Question!
From: Alpha WireDescription: In this article we discuss the difference between a flexible cable and one that is designed for constant flexing. We also look at why making the simple assumption that a flexible cable will perform in ...
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Magnetics Design: Specifications, Performance and Economics
From: Datatronics™Description: The design, development and delivery of magnetic components for production is a complex process; it involves various organizations, skills and people. ...
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Sizing Fuses for Photovoltaic Systems per the National Electrical Code
From: MersenDescription: Properly sizing fuses for photovoltaic (PV) systems is critical for the safe, reliable and long-term operation of this renewable power source. Unlike typical electrical power distribution and control ...
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Green Age, Smart Grid and TVSS
From: Energy Control SystemsDescription: For the last several years, the reality of aging, overburdened electrical grids has been realized by the world-wide engineering and utility community. Identifying and addressing the issues has been a ...
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White Paper: Key Considerations for Selecting an Arc-Flash Relay
From: Littelfuse, Inc.Description: WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN AN ARC-FLASH RELAY ...
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CASE STUDY - 360 Degree Drying
From: ITW Air ManagementDescription: A major brewer needed to dry their kegs after washing and before coding. But in addition to drying the surface for the coding, they wanted to dry the entire keg: top, bottom and sides. And they had ...
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CISPR 17 Measurements
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: The use of power line filter insertion loss/attenuation curve data (as published by filter manufacturers) has been a frustrating experience to less experienced EMC engineers for a very long time. ...
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Electromagnetic compatibility of lighting equipment
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: The EU decision to finally abolish incandescent lamps by 2012, the progress in the luminescent power of light emitting diodes (LED) and the further development of low-pressure and high-pressure ...
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Technical Paper: Reed Relay vs. Other Relays
Description: Reed Relay in Comparison with Solid-State and Mechanical Relay ...
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Mersen Publishes New Tech Topic on Significant Changes to NFPA 70E Standard 2012 Edition
From: MersenDescription: NFPA 70E is a consensus standard whose stated purpose is to provide practical electrically safe work conditions. The development of NFPA 70E was originally promoted by OSHA in 1975 and the idea was ...
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Choosing A Conductor:Copper Wire Construction
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Copper Wire Stranding Data ...
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Choosing A Conductor:Solid Conductor Data
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Solid Conductor Data ...
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Choosing A Conductor:Stranded Conductor Data
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Stranded Conductor Data ...
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Color Codes:ANSI/ISA Thermocouple Color Codes
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: ANSI/ISA Thermocouple Color Codes ...
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Color Codes:Standard Industry Color Codes
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Standard Industry Color Codes ...
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Bonded Pairs vs Twisted Pairs
Description: When bonds are too rigid, the result can be 'break' up and disappointment… THE CASE AGAINST BONDED PAIRS This sounds like a cheap self-help book for relationships, doesn't it? Let me assure ...
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Ethernet Cable for Industrial Environments
From: Alpha WireDescription: This paper introduces the basic concepts and special considerations for the Industrial Ethernet cable design. ...
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BATTERY POWERED MONITORS Good Idea or Not?
From: AlbérDescription: This Technical Note gives reasons why powering a battery monitor off the battery power may be detrimental to the health of a battery. ...
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Setting up BMDM to run as a Service
From: AlbérDescription: This Technical Note (TN) explains how to setup BMDM to run as a Service. The primary benefit of running as a Service, is to insure that should the Central PC be restarted due to loss of power or if ...
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Understanding Battery Plate Formation
From: AlbérDescription: This Technical Note describes the process of plate formation of a lead-acid battery and shows a case history of its affect on a battery's internal resistance as formation takes place ...
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Understanding Intertier Assignments
From: AlbérDescription: This Technical Note (TN) explains how to determine and assign inter-tiers in a BDS-256XL system. ...
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Understanding the Value of Monitoring
From: AlbérDescription: This Technical Note (TN) describes the value to monitoring Intertiers and Intercells in a Battery String. ...
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A How-To Guide For Rotary Applications
From: igus® inc.Description: Here are three different types of rotary applications and the cable carrier system used for each. ...
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Power Precision Sensing Solutions for AC and DC Loads
From: Comus InternationalDescription: With the advent of the desire for "Green solutions" and the demands from customers for ROHS and REACH compliance calling to replace useful but potentially hazardous materials like mercury in the ...
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DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS
From: Datatronics™Description: DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS ...
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Transformer Design Guidelines To Meet RoHS and Hi-Temp SMD Soldering Requirements
From: Datatronics™Description: Transformer manufacturers and the designers of electronic equipment continue to face technology and manufacturing challenges in the design of their respective products to meet the European Union's ...
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Attaching and Fastening Battery Holders
Description: Though there are many ways to securely attach a battery holder to a device, there are three main ways which MPD would recommend: soldering, bonding, and fastening. All of these can be reliable methods ...
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Case Study: Powering Toll Tags
Description: A leading manufacturer of toll tags recently approached MPD looking for a new battery holder to replace soldered-in batteries. The customer had two main problems with their current battery solution. ...
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Medical Device Recall and Risk Factors
Description: The below chart lists types of medical devices and the number of FDA recalls they have had, as well as their risk of lawsuit. FDA recalls of medical devices result in tremendous costs as well as ...
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Protection Circuits
Description: Protection circuits are an extremely important safety feature of any well designed circuit using a primary (non-rechargeable) cell in conjunction with another power source. The UL standard calls for ...
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Selecting Coin Cell Holders
Description: While breakthrough technologies continue to grab headlines, components like the coin cell holders often get overlooked, despite their critical role in a device's operation. Holders can fail due to ...
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Taking Batteries Green
Description: Growing concerns over issues such as climate change, carbon emissions, ozone-layer depletion, peak oil, and industrial pollution have raised alarms among consumers, business owners and policymakers ...
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Testing Battery Holders
Description: For testing new battery holder designs, MPD has made minimum and maximum sized battery replicas based on ANSI specifications. The sizes of different brands of batteries vary within the tolerances set ...
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Tin-plated vs. Nickel-plated Coin Cell Contacts
Description: Coin cell battery holders are commonly made with gold-, nickel-, or tin-plated contacts. Since the lead-free movement and RoHS, tin-plated contacts are gaining popularity due to their ease of ...
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7 cable management mistakes to avoid
From: igus® inc.Description: Seven common cable management mistakes and how you can avoid making them. ...
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Automotive Crossover Filters
From: Coil Winding SpecialistDescription: The AC Series inductors from CWS, Coil Winding Specialist, Inc., is designed for use in a series connection with a capacitor to act as a filter to remove ignition noise or alternator noise from car ...
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How To Select And Use Ferrite/Nanocrystalline
From: Coil Winding SpecialistDescription: This application notes is written for junior engineers, technicians, purchasing managers, program managers who are involved with the design and procurements of Common Mode Chokes and filters. It is ...
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5 Online Tools for Faster Cable Management
From: igus® inc.Description: Winston Churchill once said: "Give us the tools, and we will finish the job." These wise words could not be more accurate when choosing the best cable management system for your automated application. ...
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Paralleling Power Sources Which Share a Common Neutral
Description: When paralleling power sources that share a common neutral, care must be taken to limit neutral circulating currents. In these applications, it is important that voltages produced by the generating ...
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Data center design decisions and their impact on power system infrastructure
From: Cummins Power GenerationDescription: When designing an enterprise data center, owners, architects and engineers have to understand and decide on everything from site to signage. Some of the most critical decisions revolve around the best ...
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Application: Data Acquistion & Scanning Systems Use Reed Relays
Description: Transducers like thermocouples, output very small voltages, and many times are located in remote areas. Reed Relay's with only 0.2 picofarads across the open contacts offer that ability to maintain ...
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Application: Function PCB Testers Use Reed Relays
Description: Functional PCB testers are in some cases, up to 20 layers thick, requiring 1000s of test points for functional verification. Because of size restrictions, isolation, relatively fast acting and good RF ...
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Application: High End Multimeters Use Reed Relays
Description: Electronics and electronic systems, the need exists to be able to make voltage and current measurements covering several orders of magnitude, from nano-volts to kilovolts and from fempto-amps to amps. ...
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Application: Cable Testers Use High Voltage Reed Relays
Description: Testing these cable harnesses with high voltage from each wire to all other wires has been a proven approach to eliminate potential cable shorts. And applying high current through the wires has ...
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Application: High Voltage Reed Relays in Electrosurgical Generators
Description: Approximately 95% of new, surgically equipped operating rooms use electronic scalpels. These electronic scalpels cut and instantly cauterize the area stopping any bleeding. This greatly helps doctors ...
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Application: High Voltage Reed Relays in Portable Defebrillators
Description: When the defibrillator is activated, the paddles are placed on the person's chest, and then a high voltage/current pulse is applied across the heart with the intent to shock the heart back into ...
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Application: Reed Relays in Pulsed High Current Testing
Description: When testing discrete semiconductors, particularly power devices (Fets, mosfets, etc), high current testing is a very important factor. The high currents allow the designer to determine the integrity ...
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Exploring the Benefits of Advanced AC Power Source Technology
Description: Versatile test equipment proves to be one of the most valuable investments that electrical product manufacturers can make. This whitepaper discusses incorporating Modular AC Power Sources into a ...
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Power Factor Correction
Description: This whitepaper discusses power factor correction (PFC), which is a commonly employed method to reduce harmonic distortion and increase efficiency in an AC power source. ...
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Power Factor vs. Crest Factor
Description: Two critical quantities to specify when dealing with AC power sources are the power factor (PF) and the crest factor (CF). While both are different in their meaning, each provides insight about the ...
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To Float or Not to Float? Analysis of a floating vs. grounded output
Description: Grounding electrical circuits is necessary for safety in the event that a fault occurs within the system. However, grounded systems can present their own set of problems. Small differences in ...
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Total Harmonic Distortion and Effects in Electrical Power Systems
Description: Power sources act as non-linear loads, drawing a distorted waveform that contains harmonics. These harmonics can cause problems ranging from telephone transmission interference to degradation of ...
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True vs. Apparent Power
Description: This whitepaper defines the difference between True Power and Apparent Power and explains the various aspects of power. ...
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Understanding the Difference between Resolution and Accuracy Description
Description: This whitepaper discusses the difference between Resolution and Accuracy as it pertains to electronic equipment and ac power sources. ...
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Why Making the Move from a Variable Transformer to a VariPLUS is the Right Decision
Description: No matter what the industry, advances in technology continue to improve the way that companies do business. Manufacturers of electrical products should expect no different. ...
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Line-line Fault Analysis and Protection in PV Arrays
From: MersenDescription: Line-line fault and its protection in solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays are discussed in this paper. Depending on fault locations, the magnitude of line-line faults in PV arrays could be high enough to ...
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How to Install a Cable Carrier Vertically
From: igus® inc.Description: There are a number of installation options that can be considered when working with an igus® Energy Chain® cable carrier system. For vertical installations in particular, there are two ...
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How to Select the Bend Radius of a Cable Carrier
From: igus® inc.Description: When specifying a cable management system, there are a number of different ways to maximize the service life of your cables and hoses. One of the most crucial factors is choosing the right bend radius ...
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Where to Use Cost-effective Continuous-flex Cables
From: igus® inc.Description: You may have heard us say it before, but helpful tips are always worth repeating: it is important to use cables specifically designed for continuous flexing in demanding, high-cycle applications. ...
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Advantages of Diesel Air-Cooled Used Generators
Description: Diesel air-cooled used generators have been used for many years and have a long track record of being reliable, easily adaptable and relatively inexpensive. The output these workhorses produce in ...
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Generator Fuel Tanks
Description: Generators supply auxiliary electric power during outages of power supply from the local electricity distribution company. This is done by using input mechanical energy to initiate combustion of fuel ...
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How Does a Generator Create Electricity? How Generators Work
Description: Generators are useful appliances that supply electrical power during a power outage and prevent discontinuity of daily activities or disruption of business operations. Generators are available in ...
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Portable vs. Stationary Generators
Description: In the present times, power failures can no longer be addressed by simply lighting a candle or by using torchlight. The issue is not limited to grappling with mere absence of light or a temporary ...
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Recent Advances in Diesel Engines & Diesel Generator Sets
Description: Over the years, numerous aspects of the diesel engine have been subjected to modifications and treatments in attempts to make the engine more efficient. All engines produce power by igniting a mixture ...
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BATTERY POWER - AN EVOLVING TECHNOLOGY
Description: Part and parcel of the use of advanced manufacture are the rapid growth of battery holder types to include Retainers, Contacts, Clips, Snap-ons and Snap-ins for Coin Cell and Button-cell types as well ...
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Understanding The Electrical Performance Of Category Cables
From: Winchester InterconnectDescription: For many users of Ethernet products, terms like Category Cable, NEXT, Insertion Loss, and Return Loss are terms that appear to require an electrical engineering degree in order to understand. While an ...
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Powering Mobile Backhaul Networks Using Cell Site Power to Improve Network Reliability
From: Alpha Technologies Ltd.Description: Since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, wireless service providers have invested billions of dollars in power and battery backup systems, making many cell sites the rival of wireline facilities in terms of ...
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Why the Smart Grid will fail without reliable Backup Power
From: Alpha Technologies Ltd.Description: A fundamental element seldom discussed in the "Smart Grid Dialogue" is the vital role of backup power systems as a Smart Grid enabler. This white paper discusses the scope of the backup power issue in ...
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Accessorize Your Cable Carrier
From: igus® inc.Description: For a design engineer, specifying the best cable carrier for a particular application is an important part of the design process. There are a variety of different options available, but once you have ...
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Accurate Feedthrough Capacitor Performance Measurement at High Frequencies
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: Accurately measuring High Frequency Feedthrough Performance to Over 1GHz. ...
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Compact Filtering for High Current & High Frequency Applications (Part 2)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: Understanding shunt current levels, dissipation, and the associated temperature rise of High Current Feedthrough Filters ...
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Signal Interference and Cable Shielding
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: White Paper exploring the reasons for, and various types of, wire and cable shielding options ...
- A Transformerless Power Supplies: Resistive and Capacitive (.pdf)
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Understanding Cable Assembly Molding (.pdf)
From: Winchester InterconnectDescription: While a molded cable assembly can offer significant advantages over a similar product of a mechanical construction, the art of insert molding remains somewhat of a mystery to cable assembly consumers. ...
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Amphenol Hi-Speed Interconnect Solutions (.pdf)
Description: Advances in military and aerospace applications are requiring systems to process and deliver more data, and do it at an increasingly rapid pace. One example would be the current and future needs to ...
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Lineator and SOLV Case Study: SkyVenture Montreal (.pdf)
Description: The Owners of SkyVenture Montreal were building a new dedicated facility for its first Canadian location and were eager to keep to its grand opening schedule. To achieve the required wind speeds, ...
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How to Determine Bending Radius
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Our customers occasionally ask us: How tight can I get away with bending this cable? when installing wire and cable in trays with curves, in ducts, around building corners or around sheaves. Bending ...
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Current Transformers Provide Accurate, Isolated Measurements (.pdf)
Description: Accurate measurement of the amplitude and waveform of AC current is required in many electronic and electrical applications. The most obvious way to make such measurements is to insert a resistor into ...
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Reducing Arc Flash Energies on Transformer Secondaries
From: MersenDescription: Arc flash incident energy calculations are frequently above 40 cal/cm2 for equipment connected directly to the secondary of power transformers. In some cases, it may be possible to reduce energies ...
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Understanding Transformer Standards at Home and Abroad (.pdf)
Description: There is a lot of confusion about how UL applies its standards to equipment and components. Most designers know that they need components that "meet UL," but they may not understand what this really ...
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On-Site Power Generation Protects Water Supply at Ontario Utility (.pdf)
From: Cummins Power GenerationDescription: The December 2010 issue of WaterWorld has an article about the on-site power system that supports the cities of Ajax and Pickering, Ontario, part of Greater Toronto. The Ajax plant requires ...
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Copper Cabling for Digital Audio and Video Applications
Description: Much of the newest audio and visual (A/V) hardware is digital rather than analog, providing benefits of faster processing speeds, lower cost connectivity, improved reliability, less noise, and truer ...
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Major Appliance Teardowns: A Review of Electrical Interconnection Result (.pdf)
From: ETCO IncorporatedDescription: As a manufacturer of connectors, the use of product teardowns is useful in reviewing one's own product as well as the industry into which it fits. It is important in keeping appraised of the changes ...
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Why 5E Cable is Unsuitable for T1 Extensions
Description: As a manufacturer of high end data cable Quabbin is often asked the question, "Can we use a Category cable to extend our T1 service from the telephone company demarc (demarcation) point to our own ...
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Tin Vs. Bare
Description: There seems to have always been differences of opinion when it comes to certain topics, be it politics, sports and even which drive-through has the best coffee. Another age old argument that we face ...
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The Power of Green: Mitsubishi 9900A Series High Efficiency True On-Line Double Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) (.pdf)
Description: Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems are one of the core components of mission critical infrastructure supporting all business sectors today. Of the different UPS topologies available, true ...
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Transformerless UPS Systems (.pdf)
Description: There is a growing trend in the UPS industry to create a highly efficient, more lightweight and smaller UPS system. Data Centers across the world are constantly searching for new ways to maximize ...
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How to Use Linux in Industrial Automation (.pdf)
From: Moxa Inc.Description: The Linux OS can be found in many unexpected places in our daily lives. From GPS navigators to smart phones, countless devices now run the Linux kernel. As a free and open-source solution, Linux ...
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IEEE-488 Tutorial
From: L-com, Inc.Description: Hewlett Packard designed the original bus in the 1960's. It was later accepted as a standard in 1978 by IEEE/ANSI as IEEE-488. At the time, it was revolutionary, allowing many convenient applications. ...
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Lightning and Surge Protectors Tutorial
From: L-com, Inc.Description: Lightning and surge protectors are devices whose purpose is to eliminate transients (spikes) through a conductor (typically a cable) which are induced by nearby lightning activity. They are used to ...
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Reference Chart: Audio / Video Connector Chart
From: L-com, Inc.Description: Reference guide helps you find the exact part you need. You may not know the name of every connector in the industry, but you know what you want. Compare our detailed pictures of popular DFP, DIN 5, ...
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Reference Chart: Coaxial Connector Chart
From: L-com, Inc.Description: reference guide helps you find the exact part you need. You may not know the name of every connector in the industry, but you know what you want. Compare our detailed pictures of popular BNC, F, FME, ...
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Building an Ethernet Network (.pdf)
From: L-com, Inc.Description: This white paper will cover a brief history of computer networking as well as the basics of how to set up an Ethernet Network. Other items covered include both wired and wireless network ...
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Flexibility vs. Flex Life
From: Winchester InterconnectDescription: While the terminology sounds similar, when it comes to wire and cable design, "flexibility" and "flex life" could not be more different. While cable designers know the truth about the differences ...
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Powering a Growing Paradise in the South Pacific (.pdf)
From: Cummins Power GenerationDescription: Aitutaki is one of the 15 islands of the Cook Islands archipelago in the South Pacific, and with its swaying palm trees and white coral sands surrounded by indigo waters, is a postcard of tranquility. ...