Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 1801 - 1900 of 3086
-
Rotronic - Milk Powder Production
Description: Powdered milk or dried milk is a manufactured dairy product made by dehydrating liquid milk through several drying processes until it is a powder.. One purpose of drying milk is to preserve it; milk ...
-
Rotronic - Paper Manufacturing
Description: The ancestor of the pulp paper making process that is used today is considered to be developed by a Chinese man named Tsai-Lun during the early 2nd Century. Paper and similar products like cardboard ...
-
Rotronic - Pasta Drying
Description: Pasta is a type of noodle and is a staple ingredient of traditional Italian cuisine, with the first reference dating to 1154. The word "Pasta"? is commonly used to refer to the variety of pasta ...
-
Rotronic - Room Temperature Mapping
Description: Temperature and humidity levels that are out of specifications can cause damage to ingredients during production or to the final product during storage. Knowing correct temperature and humidity levels ...
-
Rotronic - Seed Storage
Description: Around 10,000 years ago as humans began to shift over from a hunting and gathering culture to a farming culture, preserving and storing seeds became a very important aspect of, not only survival, but ...
-
Rotronic - Shipping Containers
Description: A container is a protective housing for safe transportation and storage of goods. Safe means, in this context, the characteristics of the containers content remain unchanged under all relevant ...
-
Rotronic - Textile Manufacturing
Description: In the days when cave men ruled the world, people were dressing with animal fur to protect themselves from the elements. Today we are far beyond that point and a wide range of natural as well as ...
-
Rotronic - Ventilation Systems
Description: Ventilating is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality. In order to maintain an office building within the comfort zone, or to maintain any application ...
-
Rotronic - Wind Turbines
Description: The future is very positive for wind power. The technology is growing exponentially due to the every increasing global demand for electricity and the ongoing negative viewpoint about the high risk in ...
-
Dynamic Flatness Measuring
Description: Manufacturing companies undertaking the measurement of flatness of a surface need to take precise readings for the smallest degree of change. The Orbit® 3 Network is able to take synchronized ...
-
Rotronic - Baking & Humidity
Description: Most of us have a never ending choice of the most delicious breads, cakes and pastries to please both the palate and the eyes. We have become very used to this diverse range of bread and baked ...
-
Rotronic - Energy Efficiency and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Description: Key factors for energy efficiency in indoor applications are the control of relative humidity (RH) and temperature levels. The question is how to achieve acceptable RH levels in an energy efficient ...
-
Rotronic - Indoor Pools and Humidity
Description: Swimming pools are used for a variety of applications including recreational use for kids and adults, competitive swimming and also therapeutic use for faster recovery from injuries. Pools and ...
-
Rotronic - Monitoring in Data Centers
Description: Over the years there has been a rapid increase in large stand-alone data centers housing computer systems, hosting cloud computing servers and supporting telecommunications equipment. These data ...
-
Rotronic - Tire Manufacturing
Description: Each and every one of us knows what a tire is: a rubber tube, placed around the wheel of most vehicles that are commercially available today. ...
-
Rotronic- Preserving Historical Archives
Description: Archives are an accumulation of historical documents collected over the course of the lifetime of an organization. National archives have the role of collecting, cataloguing and securing historical & ...
-
"More Stations. More Data. Better Forecasts." - the NYS Mesonet
From: LufftUSADescription: "More Stations. More Data. Better Forecasts." - that's the slogan of New York State Mesonet. The weather observation network consists of a total of 125 weather stations all over the state of New York ...
-
How to Select a Continuous Level Sensor
From: BinMaster, Inc.Description: Using a continuous level sensor to monitor material levels in storage vessels can prevent costly downtime and improve inventory management. Find the appropriate sensor for your application! ...
-
Sewage Lift Station: Reducing Maintenance Costs with Level Transmitters
From: PMC Engineering LLCDescription: The level transmitter is a small but vital component in a sewage lift or pump station that helps maintain system integrity and avoid unwanted spillage. ...
-
An Overview of RTD Lead Wire Compensation
From: PyromationDescription: RTDs are resistive devices, so lead wire resistance directly affects its accuracy.The error can be quite large, depending on the lead wire resistance (measured in ohms / foot).For example, an ...
-
An Overview of Temperature Sensor Transmitters
From: PyromationDescription: Analog (4 - 20 mA) transmitters provide a number of benefits for use in industrial sensing.The nature of current (versus voltage) loops is to maintain the proper current, even if there is significant ...
-
An Overview of Thermowell Dimensions
From: PyromationDescription: An overview of threaded, flanged, weld-in and Van Stone thermowell dimensions. ...
-
How To Select And Use The Right Temperature Sensor
From: PyromationDescription: Having been involved in the design, manufacture and application of temperature sensors for twenty years, I have done a number of training seminars on temperature sensors. After presenting long winded ...
-
Industrial vs MgO Thermocouples
From: PyromationDescription: As a general rule, industrial thermocouples can be made to withstand higher temperatures and come in a wider variety of thermocouple types. MgO thermocouples are flexible and have wider selection of ...
-
Rotronic - Making Sense of Sensor Numbers and Placement
Description: There are many factors that are in play for the number of sensors required. It would be nice if there was a simple formula such as one sensor per square foot or per square meter. A formula sometimes ...
-
Rotronic - Mapping Strategy Fundamentals
Description: You need a mapping strategy for several reasons. One, it's important for any regulators or approvers to understand the philosophy employed for the mapping. A documented strategy will decrease ...
-
Rotronic - Warehouse Mapping
Description: Mapping is the process of determining the temperature and humidity gradients within a controlled space. It is a critical process when the product is regulated by government agencies such as the US ...
-
Rotronic- Guidelines and Regulations for cGMP Mapping
Description: There are several guidelines from a myriad of agencies around the world. This table lists several agencies and related documents pertaining to the pharmaceutical industry in North America. ...
-
A Cloud Sensor Measuring More Than Just Clouds: The CHM 15k
From: LufftUSADescription: Atmospheric and non-atmospheric parameters in the air space challenge researchers, weather services and airports. Although these applications pursue different targets, there's one sensor system, ...
-
Experience Meets Precision: Columbia Weather Systems
From: LufftUSADescription: Columbia Weather Systems specializes in industrial-grade weather stations for professional weather monitoring. Their weather stations integrate meteorological sensors and monitoring options that serve ...
-
Nor-Cal Controls Tahoe Met Station Simplifies Data Gathering
From: LufftUSADescription: New solar PV farm projects require the use of meteorological (MET) weather stations to achieve and maintain efficiencies critical to power and revenue generation. Nor-Cal Controls ES, Inc. has ...
-
PPE Count on Lufft weather Sensors for PV Monitoring
From: LufftUSADescription: Pacific Power Engineers, Inc. (PPE) was formed by experienced engineers from different branches and offers a range of services e.g. in project management. Together with Lufft USA we provide ...
-
Special Test Drive: The Highlight of the Last MARWIS Tour
From: LufftUSADescription: Last winter, I was one of three salesmen who were on tour all over Germany to visit MARWIS prospects and to invite them to a live demo tour. We visited all the facilities responsible for clearing ...
-
The NYS Mesonet:
From: LufftUSADescription: "More Stations. More Data. Better Forecasts." - that's the slogan of New York State Mesonet. The weather observation network consists of a total of 125 weather stations all over the state of New York ...
-
Weather Dependend Velocity: TU Delft Solar Boat Team's Technology
From: LufftUSADescription: The TU Delft Solar Boat Team looks back on a successful season in July: They were able to win five different awards of this year's Dutch Solar Challenge (the Fryske Marren Prize, the Time Trial Award, ...
-
What Became of the Radio Amateurs' Weather Station in Ravensburg?
From: LufftUSADescription: In November 2015, the chairman of the German Radio Amateurs Club's (DARC) local association in Ravensburg, Germany introduced himself and explained how we helped to realize one of their dreams by ...
-
The Use of Optical (Chilled Mirror) Sensor Technology for Moisture Measurement
From: The Kahn CompaniesDescription: Optical (chilled mirror) is the most-widely used technology for calibration of dewpoint and relative humidity sensors and transmitters. Optical (chilled mirror) hygrometers are also used in ...
-
Fundamentals of Moisture Measurement in Industrial Applications
From: The Kahn CompaniesDescription: Moisture is not only a process variable to be measured in industrial applications, but also a common contaminant which must be controlled. ...
-
Detect. Balance. Tune.
Description: When I learned that the Kalitta Motorsports Top Fuel and Funny Car drag racing team was located right here in Michigan, I thought that a dragster would be an exciting application for TECAT's wireless ...
-
WISER Sensors: A Key Enabling Technology for GHG Phase 2
Description: Several weeks ago the EPA published the highly anticipated Phase 2 of its Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles (GHG). The Phase 2 ...
-
10 Things You Need to Know About Precision Displacement Measurement
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Despite their frequent use, terms such as accuracy, resolution, repeatability and linearity are often misunderstood. As critical factors in the selection of a displacement sensor as well as in many ...
-
Precise 2D/3D Measurement Using Laser Profile Scanners
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: The principle of triangulation - the geometric measurement using three-point relationships - has been known for many centuries. In the 18th century, this land survey method established itself in ...
-
Measurement of Water Vapor in Sulphur Hexafluoride, SF6
From: MBW Calibration AGDescription: Sulphur hexafluoride, SF6, is a non-toxic, inert, insulating and cooling gas of high dielectric strength and thermal stability. Due to its high dielectric strength, it is particularly suited for ...
-
Back to the Basics: Adjustment of Calibration for Process Temperature
Description: Testing by the authorities has shown that at elevated temperatures the Lower Flammable Limit decreases, that is, the mixture increases in flammability. ...
-
Back to the Basics: Effects of Varying Rates of Evaporation on Calibration Accuracy
Description: For an analyzer with wide variation in response factors to the solvents of interest, there could be a considerable error from the assumption that the solvent mixture is uniform in each zone of the ...
-
Back to the Basics: Flash Point and Dew Point
Description: Each solvent has a characteristic "flash point." This is the minimum temperature at which the solvent can produce sufficient vapors to form a flammable concentration in air at its surface. The flash ...
-
Back to the Basics: Flash Point, Dew Point & Temperature
Description: The ability of the analyzer to measure the solvent concentration depends on the delivery of the solvent vapor to the analyzer through a sampling system in which all elements in contact with sample are ...
-
Back to the Basics: Industry-Standard Accuracy
Description: Several analyzer types are of sufficiently sound design and manufacture to meet the industry-standard requirements for general purpose gas detection. Many of these also maintain this accuracy under ...
-
Back to the Basics: Location in Multi-zone Drying
Description: The first or second zone might normally show the highest solvent concentration. But during an upset, it is not necessarily the zone where the peak concentration will appear. Excess solvent from an ...
-
Back to the Basics: Responses to Various Solvents
Description: An analyzer should respond uniformly to all solvents that might be used. Any differences between individual solvent response factors should not reduce the margin of safety. Typically, this means that ...
-
Back to the Basics: Sample Pre-conditioning and Filtering
Description: Because the analyzer response time is critical, large pre-conditioning filters in the sample line are to be avoided. The delay in a filter can be estimated by dividing the filter volume by the sample ...
-
Back to the Basics: Solvent Calibration
Description: Unfortunately, the process of preparing accurate solvent mixtures for the precise calibration of the analyzer under the actual operating conditions is sufficiently difficult and unreliable in many ...
-
Back to the Basics: Use of Reference Gases in Calibration
Description: The practical difficulty in accurately preparing and storing exact solvent concentrations often precludes their use. Multiple solvent mixtures are even more difficult to adequately control. ...
-
Successfully Managing Industrial Chlorinated Processes with Metal Sealed Mass Flow Controllers
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Chlorine (CL2) is a member of the halogen elements group that is highly reactive and bonds easily with hydrogen to form HCL acid. HCL attacks stainless steel aggressively - literally passivating the ...
-
Precise Thickness Measurement With Integrated Width Determination By Means of Laser Line Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: In the production of aluminium strips, strip thickness is one of the most important parameters, since it is significant for further processing. Width too plays a major role - among other things when ...
-
Expected Rate of Flow
Description: "Rule of thumb" flow per line size chart. ...
-
Load Cell Enhancement Using Micron Instruments' Semiconductor Strain Gages
From: Piezo-MetricsDescription: A load cell is a transducer that converts an input force into a measurable electrical output. Load cells are built with different force measurement devices; however, strain gage load cells are the ...
-
Animated Application for Bilge Pump Smart Sensor
Description: This application refers to the development of a bilge pump on a boat, which senses accumulating water in the bottom of the boat, which in turn operates a pump removing the water. ...
-
Trace Silica Measurement in the Semiconductor and Power Industries
Description: In the production of high purity water, dissolved silica is known to be the first ion to breakthrough when the ion-exchanger resin approaches depletion. Therefore, rinse water quality is critical to ...
-
Avoid Scale Buildup: The Silent Enemy of Cooling Performance
Description: Obstructions in cooling can wreak havoc on molding. Here, a well-known supplier to molders that also molds recounts its experience and offers tips on how you can keep things flowing. ...
-
Application Guide to Mass Flow Measurement in the Petroleum Industry
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: The measurement and control of gas flows in production, refinery and R&D operations has a direct effect on efficiency, costs, safety, and environmental standards. ...
-
Application Guide to Mass Flow Measurement in the Pharmaceutical and Biotech industries
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Pharmaceutical and biotech companies can fine-tune costs, quality, and emissions if they are equipped with more effective measurement systems. ...
-
Part 1: Thermal Core Technology White Paper Series - A Tale of Two Thermals: Capillary & Immersible
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: For gas mass flow measurement and control, Sierra offers the broadest selection of thermal mass flow measurement products on the market. This is because our thermal mass flow products incorporate two ...
-
Part 2: Ultrasonic Core Technology White Paper Series - Advanced Transit-Time Measurement Technology
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Since the introduction of ultrasonic transit-time flow meters, manufacturers have continually improved their measurement and signal processing capabilities. Recent advances in digital correlation ...
-
Part 3: Multivariable Mass Vortex Core Technology White Paper Series 3 of 4
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: This white paper, part 3 of our core technology series, explores the mechanics and science that make up a multivariable vortex meter by showing the evolution from the original idea of a vortex ...
-
The Advantages of Multivariable Vortex Flowmeters
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Faced with less time and personnel to devote to an increasing range of control and measurement problems, engineers must often weigh the cost of inaccuracy against the initial and maintenance cost of ...
-
The Evolution of Thermal Mass Flow Meters
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: John Olin, founder and CEO of Sierra Instruments, Inc., in Monterey, California, provides a historical perspective on the development of thermal mass flow measurement. ...
-
Displacement Sensor for Nano-positioning Tasks
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Very small displacements, both static and dynamic, are normally generated by piezo actuators. High precision displacement sensors ensure that these displacements are measured to the required nanometre ...
-
Distance Control in 3D Printing
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Micro laser sintering technology is an additive production technology based on digital 3D design data, whereby a component is constructed layer-by-layer from metal powders using a laser beam. This ...
-
Application Note: Beer Brewing Industry Application
Description: ABB LM80 laser level transmitters were installed for this application at a brewery in the US Midwest. The laser transmitters were mounted on a support beam off the ceiling such that the distance to ...
-
Application Note: Flowmeters for Batch Dosing
Description: In the food industry, it is frequently necessary to dose, pump, mix and blend liquids. Continuous mixing processes can be implemented directly in piping using ratio-based or Blendline control systems, ...
-
Application Note: Optimizing Combustion in a Lime Oven
Description: To optimize combustion in a lime oven, the air flow must preferably be captured in standard units such as scfm. The air is sucked in from the atmosphere, with the pressure being virtually constant at ...
-
Application Note: Reliable Measurement and Automation in the Milk Processing Industry
Description: Milk is an important food for us. It is a natural product and consists primarily of water, fat, protein, milk sugar (lactose) and mineral compounds. It also contains enzymes, vitamins and trace ...
-
Application Note: Sugar Mill Carbonation Process
Description: Milling crushes, shreds or presses the cane or beets to extract the juice to which calcium oxide (milk of lime) is added. The calcium oxide raises the pH of the juice to a little over 11 and the water ...
-
Application Note: Sugar Mill Liming Process
Description: To extract raw sugar juice, the mill first crushes, shreds, or presses the cane or beets. The raw juice is highly pure, but contains undesirable organic and inorganic non-sugar constituents together ...
-
Case Study: High Accuracy Flowrate and Alcohol Content Measurements in a Distillery
Description: The Kraul & Wilkening u. Stelling company has been producing bio-ethanol and technical alcohol since 1856 and is a specialist in the production of highly concentrated alcohol. ...
-
Don't Take Control - Cascade It (Part 1)
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Many users who need to control gas flow in their process don't want to spend a lot of time setting up their own flow control scheme, and instead purchase a mass flow controller. ...
-
Electronic Pressure Controller Eliminates Droop, Boost and Hysteresis
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Gas pressure control is critical in many applications like life sciences and chemical/petrochemical research where flow is an integral part of the process. ...
-
Handling Pressure Variation With a Mass Flow Controller
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Pressures in the reactor vessel can range from a few hundred PSIG to several thousand PSIG. Since an MFC is a closed loop control system with a valve that is sized for a specific set of conditions for ...
-
How a Remote Valve on Your Liquid Controller Can Ease Your Process Pain
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Are you utilizing high pressures in your applications (> 1500 psig)? Have you had issues with down time due to clogged valves? Does your process utilize a gas that acts as a super-critical fluid? ...
-
Is Your MFC Displaying/Outputting A Flow Signal (Or Negative Flow) With No Gas Going Through The Device?
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: There are many reasons why this can occur, such as a change in mounting orientation, ambient temperature, or process pressure. ...
-
Liquid Level Measurement Using the "Bubbler Method"
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Measurement of the level of a liquid in a tank using a pressure transmitter to measure the pressure created by the weight of the liquid. The key feature of this method is the use of a small diameter ...
-
Safety First - Process Instrumentation Material Considerations
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: When specifying flow, pressure, temperature or other wetted process control instrumentation there is a lot that needs to be considered: flow rates, pressures, temperatures, I/O signals, material ...
-
Sparging with Mass Flow Controllers Makes Wine Taste Better
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: The sparging of CO2 and O2 in bioprocessing controls the pH and dissolved O2 levels required to maintain the ideal fermentation environment in bioprocessing. ...
-
Understanding Mass Flow Controller (MFC) Accuracy
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: One of the key factors typically considered when selecting a measurement device, such as a mass flow controller (MFC), is accuracy. Anyone who has researched Mass Flow Controller accuracy likely knows ...
-
Understanding Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) for Process Instrumentation
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: MTBF is largely based on assumptions and the definition of failure and attention to these details is important for proper interpretation. ...
-
Lufft Snow Height Sensor SHM30 Reveals Secrets About Antarctica
From: LufftUSADescription: Neumayer Station III, short Neumayer III of the German Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) is the biggest as well as most important research station of the central Antarctica. It was named after the ...
-
Mechanical vs. Ultrasonic Wind Sensors - a Cost Benefit Analysis
From: LufftUSADescription: The following part of a recent analysis shows that the replacement of mechanical wind sensors trough ultrasonic anemometers in wind turbine control pays off after less than two years already... ...
-
Wind Turbine Controlling of the Future
From: LufftUSADescription: Higher, more robust, more reliable: Parallel to the growing requirements for wind turbines, the requirements for monitoring sensors grow as well. But how can wind sensor manufacturers fulfil these ...
-
Back to the Basics: Catalytic Combustion
Description: The catalytic detector consists of two small electrically heated beads having a finely divided platinum or palladium coating on the surface. A reference bead ONLY responds to changes in: The two beads ...
-
Back to the Basics: Flame Ionization
Description: Combustible gases burned in a hydrogen flame produce ions that can be measured as a weak current through an imposed electric field. A well designed FID efficiently and completely burns the sample by ...
-
Back to the Basics: Flame Temperature
Description: The small, well-regulated flame heats the tip of a temperature sensor suspended directly above it. The signal produced by the sensor when no flammable vapors are present drives the LFL indicator up to ...
-
Back to the Basics: Infrared Absorption
Description: A typical non-dispersive infrared detector passes a pulsed source of infrared energy through the sample, and measures the energy received by two detectors. One "active" detector responds to ...
-
Back to the Basics: LFL Analyzers and Control Systems
Description: Although several different types of sensors are employed as LFL monitors, each has an appropriate application to which it is best suited. Other types of detectors, for example electrochemical and ...
-
Back to the Basics: Sample Probe Location
Description: A key element in analyzer performance is the sampling location. Failure to install the sample probe in a "representative" location can lead to inaccurate or greatly delayed readings. A location ...
-
Back to the Basics: Sampling System Issues
Description: The speed and accuracy of the analyzer depend equally upon the sampling system and the detector. The final development of the worst accidents occurs in seconds. It is part of the last line of defense ...
-
Melt Pressure Measurement: Environmental Effects
From: DyniscoDescription: The Need For Pressure Measurement in Extrusion In order to maintain the dimensional stability necessary to produce extruded products that meet todays precise quality and tolerance specifications, it ...
-
Melt-Pressure Transducers Part I
From: DyniscoDescription: Extrusion processors are employing melt pressure transducers more and more frequently to help them improve output and melt quality, enhance production safety, and safeguard machinery. To select the ...
-
Melt-Pressure Transducers Part II
From: DyniscoDescription: When selecting a melt pressure transducer, the first factor you should consider is the pressure range that will be measured. Available in ranges between 0 and 25 psi and 0 and 30,000 psi, transducers ...
-
Rotronic - How to Avoid the Most Common Mapping Project Mistakes
Description: In spite of the headline, it is difficult to pin point the one single most common mistake. Most of the Mapping Matters e-newsletters discuss the mapping process and are not focusing on what not to do. ...