TABLE OF CONTENTS by William L. Gamble
Neville, "Properties of Concrete," Wiley. Sahlin, "Structural Masonry," Prentice-Hall. Mindless and Young, "Concrete," Prentice-Hall. "BOCA Basic Building Code," Building Officials and Code Administrators International. "Concrete Manual," U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. ACI 318, "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete"; ACI 211.1, "Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete"; ACI 304, "Recommended Practice for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete"; American Concrete Institute, Detroit. "Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530/TMS 402/ASCE 5)," American Concrete Institute, The Masonry Society, and American Society of Civil Engineers.
Normal portland cement is used for concrete, for reinforced concrete, and either with or without lime, for mortar and stucco. It is made from a mixture of about 80 percent carbonate of lime (limestone, chalk, or marl) and about 20 percent clay (in the form of clay, shale, or slag). After being intimately mixed, the materials are finely ground by a wet or dry process and then calcined in kilns to a clinker. When cool, this clinker is ground to a fine powder. During the grinding, a small amount of gypsum is usually added to regulate the setting of the cement. The chemical analysis of 32 American type I cements gives the following average percentage composition: silica (SiO 2), 21.92; alumina (A1 2O 3), 6.91; iron oxide (Fe 2O 3), 2.91; calcium oxide (CaO), 62.92; magnesium oxide (MgO), 2.54; sulfuric oxide (SO 3),...
