Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 2601 - 2700 of 3093
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Transitional Flow Effects on Flow Meter Measuring Accuracy (.pdf)
Description: Flow Conditioners are widely recognized and applied in order to correct flow profile distortions caused by upstream flow disturbances. These unpredictable flow profile variations are neutralized by a ...
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What is the Difference Between Microphone Types?
From: Prosig USA, Inc.Description: We're often asked what is the difference between free field microphones, diffuse field microphones and pressure microphones. For a run-of-the-mill 1/2" inch microphone the short answer is nothing. ...
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Application: Automobile Brake Float Level Sensor (.pdf)
Description: When applying one's foot to the brake pedal, it is taken for granted that the braking mechanism will begin to slow or stop the vehicle. A hermetically sealed reed switch plays a key reliability role ...
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Application: Automobile Brake Fluid Level Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Designing a sensing system for under the hood of a vehicle presents difficult requirements. The sensor must operate at extreme temperatures that are as low as -40°C and as high as 125°C. ...
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Application: Automobile Brake Pedal Position Sensor (.pdf)
Description: When depressing the brake pedal, the auto's hydraulics engage and slow or stop the vehicle. In addition, two other functions can also occur, one of which is critical to the operation of the vehicle- ...
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Application: Battery Deactivation Controlled by a Reed Sensor (.pdf)
Description: When an automobile is completed at the factory, it is ready to be driven. However, the vehicle may sit in a completion lot for several days or weeks awaiting transportation. The vehicle is then ...
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Application: Coolant System Liquid Levels on Refrigerated Trucks (.pdf)
Description: Refrigerated trucks abound all over our roadways worldwide, many carrying 10s of thousands of dollars, Euros, etc. in fragile goods that must be kept cool, no matter what the outside temperature. ...
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Application: Electric Toothbrush On/Off Switch (.pdf)
Description: For years manufactures of electric toothbrushes have used mechanical slide switches to turn on and off the power to the toothbrush. The mechanical slide switches are subject to very harsh environments ...
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Application: Fuel Tank Multiple Level Detection (.pdf)
Description: All trucks and automobiles currently utilizing internal combustion engines have fuel tanks. To the driver of the fueled motor vehicle, one of the most important instruments on his front panel is his ...
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Application: Gearshift Sensor (.pdf)
Description: More and more electronic control is being used in automobiles and trucks in "drive by wire" implementations. For improved functionality and ease of control, the transmission shifter arm movement in ...
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Application: Hands-Free Barcode Scanner Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Most major food chains and retail stores process purchased items through their payment stations using electronic automatic barcode scanners. Most of these barcode scanners are equipped with a ...
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Application: Hydraulic End Limit Position Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Finally there is a reliable way to precisely detect the end limit positions of pistons and cylinders, particularly when that detection is critical to the operation and/or can result in a disaster if ...
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Application: Multi-Point Hot Fluid Liquid Level Sensor (.pdf)
Description: There are several laboratory fluid systems that required fluid level monitoring to help control very elaborate equipment processes. This new float sensor has four sensing positions, three of which are ...
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Application: Off Hook Telephone Switching (.pdf)
Description: In the past, disconnecting a telephone connection required the placement of the handset on the receiver. This placement activated a mechanical switch which created the electrical disconnect. The ...
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Application: Smart Utility Sensor for Gas, Water and Electricity (.pdf)
Description: Most households and businesses have meters reading and recording the volume of water used, the volume of gas used and/or the amount of electricity being used. Most of these meters used reed sensors to ...
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Application: Water Flow Volume Measurement Sensor (.pdf)
Description: There are a multitude of applications that require the measurement of the volume of water. Water filters must measure the amount of water passing through them in order to know when to change the ...
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Comparison Between Sound Intensity Probes and Acoustic Cameras
From: Prosig USA, Inc.Description: Sometimes we are asked about the differences between an acoustic camera and a sound intensity probe and which of the two is better for a particular application. There is no straightforward answer as ...
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Understanding Temperature
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: A resistor's Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) tells how much its value changes as its temperature changes. It is usually expressed in ppm/°C (parts per million per degree Centigrade) ...
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Before You Plug and Play: Things to Consider (.pdf)
Description: Plug and play technology implemented according to IEEE P1451.4 promises to considerably simplify the configuration of automated measuring systems. An important point to keep in mind is that P1451.4 ...
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Reference Tools: Conversion Calculator
Description: Conversion calculator for pressure, load/force, temperature, displacement, torque and more... ...
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Technical Definitions of Terminology
Description: Technical definitions of terms for force, load, pressure and torque... ...
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Determining the -15 Bar (Permanent Wilt) Water Content of Soils with the WP4 (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: A soil moisture characteristic is a relationship between water potential and water content for a soil. Information from a moisture characteristic is frequently used to determine the plant available ...
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Generating a Soil Moisture Characteristic with the WP4
From: Meter GroupDescription: A moisture release curve, also known as a soil moisture characteristic, relates the water potential of a particular soil to its water content. This information is important for describing water ...
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Measuring Moisture Content Using Water Activity (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: The terms moisture content and water content are often used interchangeably and represent a measure of the quantity of water in a product. Moisture content provides valuable information about yield ...
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Measuring Water Content in Soil-less Media using ECH2O Sensors (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: Since the introduction of the ECH2O soil moisture probe, there has been considerable interest in using them to measure volumetric water content of soil-less media such as potting soils, rockwool, and ...
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Moisture Content of Pharm Produts by Water Activity (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: The terms moisture content and water content are often used interchangeably and represent a measure of the quantity of water in a product. Moisture content provides valuable information about yield ...
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Using the KD2 Pro and KD2 to Measure Thermal Conductivity of Fluids (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: The KD2 and KD2 Pro use the transient heated needle to measure thermal properties of solid and fluid media. With this technique, a 30 second heat pulse is applied to a needle, and the temperature ...
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Considerations for using Capacitive Position Sensors for Feedback in a Servo System (.pdf)
From: MicroSense, LLCDescription: In many ways, capacitive position sensors from ADE Technologies are ideally suited to be used as the feedback element in a servo system. Some of their specifications that are important for servo use ...
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Understanding Capacitive Position Sensors (.pdf)
From: MicroSense, LLCDescription: Capacitance sensing is a high precision, high bandwidth, non contact displacement measurement method which has been in common use for over 50 years. This white paper describes various characteristics ...
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How to Control Dampers for Energy Savings (.pdf)
Description: By automating damper controls on ovens, as much as a 50% reduction in fuel costs can be realized. As the cost of fuel increases, so do the concerns about energy optimization and safety. This ...
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Technical Information for Handling Reed Sensors REED (.pdf)
Description: This document contains precautions for handling and packaging Reed Sensors. ...
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Protecting Operators from Torque Reaction
From: Mountz, Inc.Description: When operating torque tools for high torque and high speed applications, it is extremely important to consider the issue of torque reaction of the tools being used. For torque tools such as torque ...
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The Importance of Torque Calibration
From: Mountz, Inc.Description: Regular torque tool calibration ensures repeatable accuracy and adherence to international standards. Torque calibration also guarantees the equipment is operating at peak performance and can ...
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Advances in Thermal Dispersion: Mass Flow Meter Accuracy (.pdf)
Description: Thermal flow measuring technology has come a long way since the introduction of thermocouple technology and early hot wire anemometers. Thermal technologies depend on heat transfer and traditionally ...
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Improved Gas Flow Monitoring in Heat Treating Processes Leads to Higher Efficiencies and Lower Costs (.pdf)
Description: It can be difficult at times to accurately monitor the use of consumables in many heat treating processes. A lot of the existing technology falls short when it comes to being highly accurate, capable ...
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Finding Safe Harbor for Electronic Sounding Devices (.pdf)
From: Challenge ElectronicsDescription: Just about any mariner knows the power and appeal of the open air and salty sea. It's a phenomenon that goes back long before mankind even dreamed of mechanical flight. Yet, despite his long-term ...
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Practicing Sound Medicine
From: Challenge ElectronicsDescription: Audible devices are playing an increasingly critical role in modern healthcare. Unfortunately, device manufacturers may not be aware of all the options available to them when it comes to sound ...
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Brooks Instrument Sends its Quantim Flow Controller into Space (.pdf)
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Delivering saline solution to a clinic for medical needs ... sounds simple enough, right? Not when that clinic is on the International Space Station, the moon or even Mars. Transporting medical fluids ...
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Understanding SDA II Jitter Calculation Methods (.pdf)
From: Teledyne LeCroyDescription: LeCroy's SDA II Serial Data Analysis Package includes revised jitter calculation methods and enhancements to the SDA user interface and feature set. In SDA II, the jitter calculation methods now ...
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Safety Ventilation to Reduce Costs (.pdf)
Description: This white paper discusses how to safely use flammability monitoring to effectively automate damper controls and reduce the costs of owning and operating ovens and dryers. ...
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Factors to Consider When Selecting an LVDT
From: Macro SensorsDescription: With the myriad of linear position sensors available on today's market, selecting the right LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)for an application involves two high level choices, based on ...
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LVDT Position Sensors for Large Multi-Mirror Astronomical Telescopes
From: Macro SensorsDescription: In newer astronomical observatories, the mirrors used in reflecting telescopes are not single mirrors cast in one piece like in the older telescopes, but in fact they use small mirror segments that ...
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LVDT Position Sensors For Use With Pneumatic Cylinders
From: Macro SensorsDescription: There are two general applications to use LVDTs with pneumatic cylinders described here: ...
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LVDTs to Measure Liquid Level with a Float
From: Macro SensorsDescription: Typically, liquid level measuring devices use the column height times the liquid density, which is pressure, to measure relatively large liquid levels. ...
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LVDTs Used In Power Generation Plants
From: Macro SensorsDescription: When discussing power plants, the common applications for LVDTs and derivative products like LVRTs are measuring valve positions in steam turbines and gas turbines. There are also some applications ...
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Using LVDTs for Detecting Shorted Turns in Bobbin Windings - An unusual application
From: Macro SensorsDescription: This application was originated when detecting shorted turns in an LVDT was necessary. When manufacturing an LVDT it is important to obtain low null voltage. In some cases it is impossible to obtain a ...
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Diversified Technologies for Fixed Gas Detection (.pdf)
From: General Monitors by MSADescription: The development of new gas detection technologies and advances in fire and gas safety methodologies have prompted a new thinking about the role of technology diversity in system effectiveness. Like ...
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Providing Steam Isolation & Temperature Protection
Description: All pressure transducers installed on steam lines should be isolated from the steam to protect them from damage. A steam pigtail syphon (such as the MODEL PT) may be used for this purpose. ...
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Temperature Conversion Chart
Description: To convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Centigrade, locate the number in the center column corresponding to the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and read the equivalent temperature in degrees ...
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Flow Measurement
Description: Measuring chilled water (or condenser water, or hot water) flow in your system can't be that difficult, can it? After all, you just stick some kind of flow measurement device in your pipe and read its ...
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Hazardous Atmospheres: An Introduction
Description: Automation dealers are continuing to gain business that was once reserved only for specialty and industrial contractors. It's a trend that is accelerating very rapidly, and the fastest growth is in ...
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Measuring Air Flow
Description: Building Automation Systems are often required to measure the actual air flow in air handling systems. Although there are many ways to measure air flow, the two most commonly used with BAS systems are ...
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Sensing and Controlling Humidity
Description: In the energy control business it is usually necessary to monitor humidity, as well as temperature. Sensing humidity cannot be done as easily or as accurately as temperature sensing. For example, a ...
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The pH Factor: Why Measure (.pdf)
Description: Often, the first question asked regarding measurement and control of pH is "What exactly is pH anyhow?" The "p" in pH is actually a mathematical symbol for the negative logarithm, and the "H" ...
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Balancing A Variable Flow Water System Will Ruin the Control System
Description: Many seminars and technical sessions have been held to outline procedures for balancing variable flow water systems. Most of these sessions recommend "Proportional Balance." When this technique is ...
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Designing & Commissioning Variable Flow Hydronic Systems (.pdf)
Description: Direct return Variable Flow Hydronic Systems (VFHS) must be designed to be self-balancing. However, in practice many design engineers will use customary pipe sizing routines, piping detail drawings, ...
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Do Averaging Sensors Average? (.pdf)
Description: An averaging temperature sensor (ATS) is generally used to maintain the design mixed air temperature of an airside economizer system. These devices can have sensing elements from 5 to 50 feet long and ...
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Pressure Gauge Installation, Operation and Maintenance (.pdf)
From: Winters InstrumentsDescription: This guide discusses important operation and maintenance considerations for pressure gauges, as well as how to install a gauge. ...
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Thermometer Installation, Operation and Maintenance (.pdf)
From: Winters InstrumentsDescription: This guide discusses important operation and maintenance considerations for thermometers, as well as how to install a thermometer. ...
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Gauge Configurations for High Temperature Applications (.pdf)
From: NOSHOK, Inc.Description: 140° F is the maximum recommended ambient media temperature for NOSHOK pressure gauges with brass wetted parts, and 212° F for gauges with stainless steel wetted parts. For applications in which ...
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How To Choose The Correct Hazardous Location Approved Pressure Transmitter in the Oil & Gas Industry (.pdf)
From: NOSHOK, Inc.Description: As offshore oil efforts push ever further into remote and inaccessible locations to find new oil sources, the equipment used in exploration, drilling and production has become increasingly complex, ...
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Three Process Conditions That Affect Accuracy And Performance Of Pressure Gauges (.pdf)
From: NOSHOK, Inc.Description: This article outlines several factors influencing the accuracy of a pressure gauge, and offers solutions on how to manage those influences for maximum gauge performance. The technology used in today's ...
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Eliminating NVH (.pdf)
From: Sciemetric InstrumentsDescription: When consumers shell out $10,000 or more for a new car, they have little tolerance for unexpected engine noise and vibration. Trouble is, today's vehicle technology has made controlling noise, ...
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Keys to Successful Engine NVH Testing (.pdf)
From: Sciemetric InstrumentsDescription: Many factors are driving the need for automotive manufacturers to implement more stringent noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) testing. Consumer tolerance for any perceived noise is minimal. The ...
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14-Dioxane App Note (.pdf)
From: Teledyne InstrumentsDescription: Low level detection of 1,4-dioxane is required in many labs. The detection limits change with regulatory requirements and can vary from state to state and country to country. As instrument sensitivity ...
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Accurate Gas Flow Measurement Improves Water Disinfection Process (.pdf)
Description: Many of today's large urban water treatment plants rely upon sophisticated chlorination processes in order to provide clean, sanitary water to millions of consumers in the US and around the globe. The ...
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Digester BioGas Flow Measurement (.pdf)
Description: The engineers at a municipal wastewater treatment utility were expanding their biogas digester system and were seeking an improvement over their existing, maintenance-intensive flow metering ...
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Ozone Gas Flow Monitoring for Water Treatment Systems (.pdf)
Description: Many municipal water treatment plants utilize Ozone Treatment Systems to produce clean water for residential and industrial users. While all the various types of water treatment systems have their ...
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Absolute Pressure Sensing System (.pdf)
From: Prime TechnologyDescription: The Prime Technology Absolute Pressure Tank Level System (APTLS) 9299-00-0000 is designed to meet ASTM F2044-00 and Electric Boat's IDD number SC-SSGN-IDD-726-005. It is designed for use with SSGN's ...
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RTD Temperature Sensing System (.pdf)
From: Prime TechnologyDescription: The Prime Technology RTD Temperature System 9219-00-0002 is a three-channel temperature measuring system that utilizes two RTD Temperature Sensor inputs per channel. The system is being offered for ...
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Time Domain Reflectometry Guided Wave Radar Tank Level System (.pdf)
From: Prime TechnologyDescription: The Prime Technology TDR Tank Level System Model 9295 uses guided wave radar to measure tank levels. The system architecture is configured to allow for tank level measurements in a nuclear environment ...
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Continuous Environmental Monitoring of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xylenes (BTEX) (.pdf)
Description: The VG Sentinel dB provides rapid detection of ppb levels of benzene in air drawn from the various points on the plant, thereby providing early warning in the event of accidental benzene release. ...
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Measuring Tube Construction Affects the Long-Term Stability of Magmeters (.pdf)
From: KROHNE MesstechnikDescription: This paper provides the full results of a German test agency's long term stability test comparing magmeters' plastic lined vs. ceramic flow sensor constructions. Filling machine type magmeters were ...
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Un-tether Your Encoder: Go Wireless
From: BEI SensorsDescription: Encoders come in a wide variety of sizes, accuracies, and ranges based upon just as wide a variety of mechanical and optical technologies. And you can pay as much or little as you wish. But all ...
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Measuring Humidity: Breaking the Parts Per Billion Barrier (.pdf)
From: The Kahn CompaniesDescription: Moisture measurement continues to present designers of instrumentation with interesting challenges. For many years the moisture measurement industry has concerned itself principally with humidity ...
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Digital Control of Fluidic Processes (.pdf)
Description: This paper explores the challenges of building an accurate pressure and/or flow controller and explains the benefits of integrating the Microfluidic Process Controller (MPC) from Parker into the ...
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Single In-line Sensor for Viscosity, Density, and Temperature
Description: Cambridge Viscosity Announces ViscoDense The new ViscoDense® is a breakthrough 3-in-1 instrument providing instantaneous in-line measurement of viscosity, density, and temperature in one single ...
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3-D OBJECT DRIVEN BY VIBRATORY FORCE AND TORQUES
Description: This figure shows an object with its C.G. at C, mounted on 4 flexible mounts and acted upon by a disturbing harmonic force Fy in the y-direction (vertical) and/or by torques, Tx, Ty and Tz acting ...
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Technical Article: STATIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION CALCULATION
Description: In order to calculate the weight distribution between the mounting points, the position of the CENTER OF GRAVITY (C.G.) has to be determined first. It is a simple task only for an axisymmetrical ...
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Technical Articles: CONNECTIONS OF SPRING ELEMENTS
Description: 7.1 Springs in Parallel These combine like electrical resistance in series. This is the case when several springs support a single load, as shown in Figure 34. The springs are equivalent to a single ...
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Vibration Analysis Case Study
Description: VSC received data on a screw compressor as part of our Remote Vibration Monitoring Program. It is not unusual for screw compressors to have higher vibration than most other industrial equipment due to ...
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Using Permeation Tubes to Create Trace Concentration Moisture Standards (.pdf)
Description: Moisture standards have traditionally been prepared by techniques which saturate the gas at known conditions. Preparing standards at trace concentrations (low ppm, ppb) requires saturation at ...
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Effective Condensation Control (.doc)
Description: We are all familiar with the risk and inherent food safety danger associated with having liquid moisture droplets form over food products that are being processed for human consumption. No one would ...
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Why Is It "Raining" in My Surgery Suite? (.pdf)
Description: Is it "raining" in your operating rooms? Do you find that there are times throughout the year when the humidity levels are so high in the space that there are droplets of condensate dripping from the ...
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Choosing the Right Pressure Sensors for Engine Test
Description: The engine test stands used with advanced data-acquisition systems require a different type of pressure sensor than those used in the past. Engine hydraulics and pneumatics operate faster and often, ...
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Measuring Forces Where the Direction of the Load Changes
Description: An aircraft manufacturer needs to measure the force a pilot must apply to the brake pedal to stop an airplane. To do this, a load cell is affixed to the brake pedal's upper surface. A test technician ...
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Miniature, Low Range, Torque/Thrust Measurement
Description: A customer needs to measure the reaction torque and axial force on very small dental drills used to perform root canals. These drills are tested in Lexan blocks that have a pilot hole pre-molded in ...
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Pressure Control for Adhesive Materials
Description: Robot dispensing of adhesive materials such as epoxies and resins pose pressure control problems that cannot be solved using conventional pressure transducers. The high viscosity of the dispensed ...
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Pressure Control in an Explosion Containment Application for Food and Beverage
Description: Our customer provides equipment for fire and explosion containment. Their equipment is used on systems such as powdered sugar manufacturing. The dust created by this process becomes an explosion ...
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Techical Article: Measurement of Low Flow at High Pressure
Description: Customer needs to measure a flow rate of 0-6 milliliters/ minute at a pressure of 1000 psi. The flow is in a pipe connecting to two containers, each holding different fluids. The pipe carries both ...
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Temperature and Pressure Problems with Clean-in-Place Sensor Applications
Description: Clean-in-place procedures require in site cleaning of all the internal components of a process system, including the pressure sensor head, after each batch run to prevent bacterial growth and ...
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Testing Aseptic Packaging
Description: The aseptic package is only as good as the final sealinq of the ingredients. A small amount of inert gas is injected into a package of dairy and meat products to ensure freshness. ...
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Vent Holes in Load Cell for Pressure Compensation and Cleaning
Description: The customer needs to measure the force on a hydraulic cylinder in a down-hole well logging tool. The pressure inside the oil-filled tool can reach 20,000 psi, which will cause the load cell to give ...
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Ways to Measure the Force Acting on a Rotating Shaft
Description: How can we be more efficient? One often overlooked area is the rotating systems used in manufacturing and power generation. By examining torque on these systems, downtime can be reduced, product ...
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Micro-Optical Sensor Use in Boundary Layer Flows with Polymers and Bubbles (.pdf)
From: MSEDescription: Recent advancements in the design and development of small optical sensors have made it possible to investigate complex flows. These include flows with bubbles and polymers at high Reynolds numbers ...
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Hydrogen Gas Detection in Oil Refineries
From: General Monitors by MSADescription: Oil refineries are some of the largest producers and consumers of hydrogen gas. Hydrogen plays a pivotal role in a whole host of refining operations, from hydrocracking - the reduction of heavy gas ...
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Practical Considerations of Accelerometer Noise
From: EndevcoDescription: This paper is written as an overview on low-noise piezoelectric accelerometers and will review when and where low-noise devices are needed as well as the engineering tradeoffs made during the design ...
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Overrange, A Crucial Rotary Torquemeter Parameter
From: S. Himmelstein & CompanyDescription: Rotary power producing and consuming devices produce (or absorb) torque in a pulsating rather than a smooth manner. That's because they have discrete poles and/or pistons and/or gear meshes, etc. that ...
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iLoad Mini Application Note
From: Loadstar Sensors, Inc.Description: The iLoad Mini is shipped with a cable that terminates in a male USB Mini-B 5-pin connector that plugs in to a Loadstar Sensors's DQ1000 family Frequency Converter interface. If you wish to use the ...
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iLoad Series Loadcells - Instructions for Optimal Performance
From: Loadstar Sensors, Inc.Description: If you have ordered an iLoad Analog sensor with the DS-2100 or DQ-1200 interface boxes, the attached mini-B USB cable will plug directly into the interface box. If you have ordered an iLoad Analog ...