Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 2601 - 2700 of 3205
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Winning at the Eurovision Song Contest
From: M&I Materials LimitedDescription: When the country of Azerbaijan won the right to host the Eurovision song contest, by winning in 2011, they needed a new arena to hold the event in and started to construct the Baku Crystal Hall, under ...
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Underwater Connectivity
From: LEMO USA, Inc.Description: Published in collaboration by LEMO and Northwire, this white paper represents the first in a series focused on the critical to quality requirements of connector and cable assembly applications in ...
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Improving the Availability and Safety of Traction Power Supply Systems
Description: Special components for the DC feeding systems ensure faultless emergency shutdown and prevent unnecessary disruptions to operation. ...
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Blower Application Basics
Description: Selecting a blower for a particular application first requires knowledge or an estimate of the application's operating point: the flow rate required and the resistance to flow that the system, ...
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A Lesson in Disaster Preparedness
From: Alpha Technologies Ltd.Description: Franklin Telephone is an independent Telephone company that serves approximately 6700 subscribers over 10 exchanges in Southwest Mississippi. Franklin Tel takes pride in providing its customers ...
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Power the ONT: A Comparison of Line Power and Local Power Architectures
From: Alpha Technologies Ltd.Description: Both Local Power and Line Power techniques have roles in today's FTTH networks. The technology choice is depen- dent on many factors including the availability of copper, the cost of maintaining both ...
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Cabinet Cooling System Technologies to Consider when Planning Your Next Project
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: Electrical control equipment is becoming increasingly sophisticated as designers add more features to what used to be relatively simple electro-mechanical control gear. Circuit breakers now have ...
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How an Efficient Cabinet Cooling System Can Reduce Unwanted Electrical Equipment Maintenance Costs
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: When you purchase an electrical enclosure to house your equipment and keep it safe, you're investing in the longevity of all of the electrical components. Electrical equipment can produce substantial ...
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When Is the Ambient Temperature Too Hot to Rely on Air to Air Heat Exchangers for Enclosure Cooling?
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: When you are looking for an efficient method for enclosure cooling, a heat exchanger is a good solution for a few different reasons. Not only is a heat exchanger energy efficient, but it allows you to ...
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The OEM's guide to cooling systems for electrical enclosures
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) rely on suppliers to provide certain parts or systems that are integrated into their product lines and resold under their own brands. Because your brand and ...
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A SIMPLE APPROACH TO SIGNAL VIA STUBS FOR COAXIAL PCB CONNECTOR LAUNCHES
From: MolexDescription: In my work as a Signal Integrity/RF engineer, I have many customers who request assistance in designing their printed circuit board (PCB) launches for coaxial test connectors. (For example, see Molex ...
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Understanding the NEC Hazardous Location Option: Class 1, Div 2, Groups B, C, and D, for Enclosure Cooling Systems
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: When you are working with hazardous materials, it is important to know exactly how the materials and compounds are classified. It can also be incredibly valuable to have equipment that will withstand ...
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Why Metal Filtered Fans Beat Plastic for Electrical Enclosures
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: There are many options to consider for cooling solutions for your electrical enclosure. Depending on the ambient conditions, anything from a closed loop air conditioner to a filtered fan could be ...
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Common Mode Noise
Description: Considerations about common mode noise. ...
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Glossary of Terms
Description: A glossary of power-supply-related terms. ...
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Measurement Techniques
Description: A list of common voltage measurement techniques. ...
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Principles of Power Conversion
Description: Comparison of several different converter designs. ...
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App Note: Green Mode Fairchild Buck Switch FSL336LR
Description: This application note describes a detailed design method and procedure for a buck offline converter. ...
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Applications for Spring Pins with Wire Termination
From: Mill-Max Mfg. Corp.Description: Both 0933-0 and 0962-0 can be used in single position applications and feature a press-fit barb on the spring body for the creation of multi-spring pin interconnect packages. ...
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Spring Loaded Connectors
From: Mill-Max Mfg. Corp.Description: Mill-Max spring-loaded connectors are made up of individual spring-loaded (pogo) contacts assembled into a molded or machined plastic insulator. These are typically used as button type contacts ...
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The Contact Clip, the Heart of the Mill-Max Receptacle
From: Mill-Max Mfg. Corp.Description: The basic component used for making electrical connections in a wide array of electronic equipment is the pin receptacle. The Mill-Max pin receptacle provides a highly reliable, low resistance ...
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Understanding Machined Pin, Board Interconnects
From: Mill-Max Mfg. Corp.Description: In the rapidly expanding technological world we live in today, having a solution for board-to-board interconnection has become increasingly critical to ensuring product capability, quality and ...
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Understanding PCB Pass Through Interconnects
From: Mill-Max Mfg. Corp.Description: Mill-Max Series 834/835 Pass Through Sockets have a low .130" profile and will accept .030 diameter round pin, as well as industry standard .025" square pin headers. Each receptacle has a current ...
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Understanding Precision Machine Technology
From: Mill-Max Mfg. Corp.Description: At the heart of the Mill-Max product line are precision machined miniature pins and receptacles, typically found in interconnection applications on printed circuit boards and cables. ...
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Understanding Receptacle Carriers
From: Mill-Max Mfg. Corp.Description: A receptacle carrier is a convenient way to pick-up and place individual sockets (receptacles) as a group. It is essentially an assembly fixture having an array of protruding pins, onto which are ...
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Understanding Swage Assembly
From: Mill-Max Mfg. Corp.Description: Swage assembly is a method of mechanically fastening pin terminals to a circuit board, and is commonly used with solder terminals and printed circuit pins where one end of the terminal is flared out ...
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Choosing the Right PCB Pins
From: Bead ElectronicsDescription: This articles discusses major challenges that go along with PCB connector pins and how they can be solved with the right technology. ...
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7 Essential Cabinet Design Considerations for Protecting 19-inch Electronics
From: nVent Schroff, Inc.Description: The latest advancements in electro-mechanical technologies, coupled with stringent compliance and compatibility requirements, allow for the development and deployment of high-performance electronics ...
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AC Surge Protection Overview
From: CITEL SURGE PROTECTIONDescription: The users of electronic equipment and telephone and data-processing systems must face the problem of keeping this equipment in operation in spite of the transient overvoltages induces by lightning. ...
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Coaxial Surge Protection Overview
From: CITEL SURGE PROTECTIONDescription: Radio communication equipment deployed in fixed, nomadic or mobile applications is especially vulnerable to lightning strikes because of their application in exposed areas. The most common disruption ...
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Data Line Overview
From: CITEL SURGE PROTECTIONDescription: For industrial sites or communication based systems integrating a linked data network, any single issue at one end of the system can cause issues throughout. It is critically important to reinforce a ...
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DC Power Surge Protection Overview
From: CITEL SURGE PROTECTIONDescription: Utility-Interactive or Grid-Tie Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems are very demanding and cost intensive projects. They often require the Solar PV System to be operational for several decades before it ...
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Gas Discharge Tube Overview
From: CITEL SURGE PROTECTIONDescription: Today's microprocessor based electronic equipment are increasingly more vulnerable to lightning induced voltage surges and electrical switching transients because they have become more sensitive, and ...
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AFLAS High Voltage Cables: High Performance at Reduced Weight
Description: Lightweight cable constructions with sustained performance have been an absolute necessity in the automotive industry... ...
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Highlights of 2013 and New Products Introduction
Description: In equipment such as communication devices and power conditioners for photovoltaic power generation which are used for long periods such as 10, 20 years, prolonged maintenance-free operation is ideal ...
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Low Power Consumption, Long Life AC Fan
Description: In recent years, awareness of environmental protection has heightened, resulting in proactive energy conservation activities across all markets. As such, AC fans are now required to consume less power ...
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Cutting Cleanroom Costs
From: Terra Universal, Inc.Description: As cleanrooms grow in size and sophistication, energy demands go up significantly. Even worse, 24/7/365 operation puts substantial particulate loads on filters, increasing maintenance costs and ...
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Recommended Cleanroom Design
From: Terra Universal, Inc.Description: Terra Universal will certify its cleanrooms to guarantee "as built" compliance with cleanliness standards. What matters, though, is how the cleanroom performs in real world applications-in your ...
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Building Blocks for Making Every Design "Fit"
Description: The demands on power supplies-as well as the engineers and semiconductor components used to build them-will continue to increase over the next five years. Market growth is projected to be 6.5% CAGR ...
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ARINC Connector Specifications
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: This PIC Wire & Cable spec sheet lists PIC ARINC 404/600 and M39029 (MIL-DTL-38999 Series I, III Connector) RF Coaxial contacts for flexible RF coaxial cable, which are available from stock. ...
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Time Domain Reflectometers-Applications
From: MeggerDescription: TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER - TECHNOLOGY REVIEW Two side-by-side conductors that are separated by an insulator (as in a cable) have a characteristic impedance between them. If the distance between the ...
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How to Select and Install an Inverter/Charger Battery Backup System for Your Sump Pump
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: WARNING: Potentially lethal voltages exist within an inverter/charger as long as the battery supply and/or AC input are connected. Please consult the manuals that came with your inverter/charger and ...
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Inverter Buying Guide
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: A power inverter is a device that converts low-voltage DC (direct current) power to standard household AC (alternating current) power. An Inverter allows you to operate household appliances and ...
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3-Axis Magnetic Field Mapping in System Design Validation
Description: The advent of the PC as a commonplace design tool has greatly enhanced the magnetic system designer's ability to predict the behavior of magnetic systems. However, there is still, as in any science, a ...
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Low Cost Method for Magnet Testing
Description: The Helmholtz coil test method is well suited to modern high coercivity magnet materials and can be implemented at relatively low cost. The theory behind the method is taught in physics books and has ...
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Magnetic Separators for Life Sciences
Description: Scalable Magnetic Designs to Achieve Comparable Capture Rates and Capture Efficiency across Multiple Vessel Diameters ...
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Permanent Magnet Basics
Description: Computer chip manufacturers and auto manufacturers delight in the feeding frenzy that follows the announcement of a new, faster model. This "speed greed" makes premium products the subject of ...
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The Attraction of Medical Magnets
Description: Sophisticated medical technology is creating faster and more efficient processes to support today's health care needs. From nanotechnology developments to expanding knowledge of cellular biology, ...
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Coil Cord Innovation
From: Winchester InterconnectDescription: Take a close look at industrial automation or military systems, and youâ ll probably see a coil cord or two. You may not give them a second thought, but you should. These retractable power and signal ...
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Facts and Fictions about Lightning
From: Energy Control SystemsDescription: The phrase "Power Quality" has become ubiquitous in many engineering circles to preclude anything else outside of lightning strikes. Now while it is painfully obvious that lightning is an outstanding ...
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PIC Wire & Cable Solutions for Honeywell Avionics
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: PIC Wire & Cable has designed, developed and worked with Honeywell to approve the use of PIC's cables for Honeywell's leading edge Primus Epic® and Apex® Integrated Avionics Systems. ...
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Anatomy of a Test Socket
From: Aries Electronics, Inc.Description: This presentation focuses on the components and construction of Burn-in and Test Sockets from concept through assembly to help educate those in associated industries who may lack an appreciation for ...
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IC Test Sockets Perform Beyond 10GHz
From: Aries Electronics, Inc.Description: Semiconductor design engineers have been under constant competitive pressure to provide more features and functions, all with lighter weights, smaller sizes, and lower costs. ...
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RF Test Sockets: The Key to the Effective Testing of High-Frequency Devices
From: Aries Electronics, Inc.Description: With rapid and constant advances in silicon technology, today's IC packages are continually changing both inside and out. The inside of the package is holding more transistors per square millimeter. ...
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Cost Saving Technologies in DC Fans
Description: Ball bearings and sleeve bearings are used extensively in DC fan manufacturing to provide effective cooling solutions. Both have advantages and disadvantages all of which should be considered in the ...
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Things You Need to Know About Cooling Fans
Description: The question of how to provide the best cooling for industrial applications has been around since the earliest days of the industrial revolution. When equipment is functioning at a high level, it ...
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Fiberglass vs Stainless Steel
From: Stahlin EnclosuresDescription: Enclosure Material Considerations Fiberglass Vs. Stainless ...
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Hybrid Capacitors with High Specific Power
From: Evans GroupDescription: Tantalum hybrid capacitors are designed for demanding applications requiring long life, wide temperature range, reliability, high specific energy and power. The hermetic design fits the expectations ...
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Cooling Systems Division Technology Improving Fan Reliability
Description: Sanyo Denki developed and produced long-life fan, L type (hereinafter"conventional model") as high reliable fan in 1991 being pioneered in the market. Ever since, we have built a strong track record ...
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High Air Flow and Long Life Fan
Description: In recent years, much longer life and environmentconscious product are requi red whi le market of information/communication device and recyclable energy are increasingly expanded. At the same time, in ...
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Saving Energy with your NEMA Enclosures
From: Noren Thermal Inc.Description: Over the past few decades, electronics for automation, process controls, drives and PLC's have become more common in NEMA enclosures. The thermal management of these electronic enclosures has become ...
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Application: Surgical Imaging Power Supply Case History
Description: Surgical imaging technology is helping doctors around the world operate with more precision than ever before. But when a major manufacture of this equipment needed large toroidal transformers in a ...
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Active Harmonic Filters vs. 18-Pulse Drives
From: Mesta Electronics, Inc.Description: The following document will provide a comparison of 18-pulse drives with the use of 6-pulse drives combined with an active harmonic filter. However before we can compare these two systems we need to ...
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C&M Addresses High Flex Devicenet Application
From: Winchester InterconnectDescription: A leading robotics manufacturer who was experiencing regular failures in a high flex cable utilized in automotive manufacturing operations approached C&M for design assistance. ...
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C&M Corporation Selected As Cable Assembly Partner For Proprietary Handheld Surgical Imaging Device
From: Winchester InterconnectDescription: C&M Corporation, a manufacturer of high performance cables and assemblies, has been selected by a major medical device OEM as their cable assembly partner for a new handheld surgical imaging device. ...
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Higher Temperature UL Styles for Polyurethane Cables
From: Winchester InterconnectDescription: A leader in factory automation contacted C&M about a need for higher temperature polyurethane cables for use in one of their most important product lines ...
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Veterinary High-End X-ray Equipment Interconnect Assembly
From: Winchester InterconnectDescription: A leading company in the field of veterinary imaging approached C&M Corporation looking for an interconnect assembly for their high-end x-ray equipment. ...
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Well Connected
From: LADD DistributionDescription: When used in heavy industry, electrical systems must stand up to rigorous conditions and all weather environments, in round-the-clock operations. Failure in an electrical system can be expensive to ...
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High Static Pressure Fan
Description: I n r e c ent years, in format ion equipment and communications equipment have become faster, higher capacity, and higher density, which also tends to increase heat generation of the equipment. ...
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Low Power Consumption Fan
Description: In recent years, information and communication equipment such as computer servers, IP routers, and RAID devices has become high speed and large capacity, which has led to trend for higher heat ...
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Advanced Driver Assistance (ADAS) Solutions Guide
Description: The ADAS Guide is intended to help you explore TI's ADAS analog and digital solutions and details its strong roadmap to support the evolution and growth of this exciting application space. ...
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Automotive Infotainment Guide
Description: The Infotainment Guide is intended to help you explore TI's IC solutions that combine entertainment, multi-media and driver information functions in one module. ...
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Driving the Future: TI's Automotive Perspectives 2013
Description: The contents of this eBook represent some of that Texas Instruments expertise published regularly in our Behind the Wheel automotive blog, as well as other TI E2E™ blogs. And it is on E2E that ...
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Heat Exchangers vs. Air Conditioning, The Optimal Choice for Cooling Electronics
From: Noren Thermal Inc.Description: Technological advancements are changing traditional approaches to electronic waste heat dissipation: air conditioning, compressed air and heat exchangers. ...
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Performance in. Water out.
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Honeywell's MICRO SWITCH™ V15W Series of watertight basic switches deliver reliable performance across industries. ...
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Application: Reed Relays Carry Out Switching Functions in Performance Boards Used in Integrated Circuits
Description: Chip makers use new performance boards for every new chip they develop. Since most integrated circuit/chip makers generally have large factories devoted to the testing of their chips. ...
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Photovoltaic Railroad Power Installations Morningstar's Controllers Are Delivering Solar Success
From: Morningstar CorporationDescription: Photovoltaics (PV) have been successfully powering tens of thousands of critical stand-alone railroad power installations since the early 1970s-across the roughest terrains and in the harshest ...
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Solar Installations in Hazardous Locations. What is the Class 1, Division 2 Classification?
From: Morningstar CorporationDescription: The Oil & Gas Industries have been major customers of the Off-Grid Solar Electric Industry for many years. At a recent training event-Choosing the Right Charge Controller for Off-Grid Solar Electric ...
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WP #120: Guidelines for Specification of Data Center Power Density
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: Conventional methods for specifying data center density are ambiguous and misleading. Describing data center density using Watts / ft2 or Watts / m2 is not sufficient to determine power or cooling ...
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WP #127: A Quantitative Comparison of High Efficiency AC vs. DC Power Distribution for Data Centers
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: This paper presents a detailed quantitative efficiency comparison between the most efficient DC and AC power distribution methods, including an analysis of the effects of power distribution efficiency ...
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WP #150: Power and Cooling Capacity Management for Data Centers
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: High density IT equipment stresses the power density capability of modern data centers. Installation and unmanaged proliferation of this equipment can lead to unexpected problems with power and ...
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WP #157: Eco-mode: Benefits and Risks of Energy-saving Modes of UPS Operation
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: Many newer UPS systems have an energy-saving operating mode known as "eco-mode" or by some other descriptor. Nevertheless, surveys show that virtually no data centers actually use this mode, because ...
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WP #159: How Overhead Cabling Saves Energy in Data Centers
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: Placing data center power and data cables in overhead cable trays instead of under raised floors can result in an energy savings of 24%. Raised floors filled with cabling and other obstructions make ...
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WP #163: Containerized Power and Cooling Modules for Data Centers
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: Standardized, pre-assembled and integrated data center facility power and cooling modules are at least 60% faster to deploy, and provide a first cost savings of 13% or more compared to traditional ...
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WP #42: Ten Cooling Solutions to Support High-density Server Deployment
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: High-density servers offer a significant performance per watt benefit. However, depending on the deployment, they can present a significant cooling challenge. Vendors are now designing servers that ...
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WP #59: The Different Technologies for Cooling Data Centers
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: There are 13 basic heat removal methods to cool IT equipment and to transport unwanted heat to the outdoor environment. This paper describes these fundamental cooling technologies using basic terms ...
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Cable Management Systems Do the Robot
From: igus® inc.Description: Multi-axis, three-dimensional cable carriers for palletizing Cable management is a crucial part of any robotic system, but the truth is that the methods used to attach and guide cables has not changed ...
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Soldering a copper lug and a wire [MEC]
Description: For this grounding lug soldering application, induction delivers consistent result is achieved each time and does not present a flame, so it helps create a safer, cooler working environment than other ...
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7 Ways Polycarbonate Beats Fiberglass and Stainless Steel Enclosures
From: Integra Enclosures, Inc.Description: Stainless and fiberglass have long been the industry standard when it comes to industrial enclosures. While each has its own set of positive attributes, there's one material that has them both beat: ...
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Polycarbonate Proving the Answer For Water and Wastewater Applications
From: Integra Enclosures, Inc.Description: A leading control systems integrator and maker of remote terminal, or telemetry, units (RTUs) for the water and wastewater industries has adopted the Genesis 24X24X10 as its go-to enclosure. That's ...
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Standards-Based Design & Electronic Packaging Solutions
From: nVent Schroff, Inc.Description: To ensure consistent, high-speed data transfer and system reliability, sensitive electronic components require effective packaging solutions. ...
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Battery Pack for Portable Medical Blood & Fluid Warmer
Description: Portable blood and IV fluid warmers are used by EMS crews, hospitals and the military to help prevent hypothermia due to fluid transfers under adverse field conditions. A lightweight battery pack to ...
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Reverse Engineered Membrane Switch Assembly
Description: A fast growing company has been making high-end conformal coating systems, fluid dispensing solutions and custom automation products for 20 years. Their products are used in industries including ...
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Multi-pole Connector for Nuclear Electric Valve Actuators
Description: Nuclear valve actuators are safety related devices, and defined as essential equipment for an emergency reactor shutdown, containment isolation, reactor core cooling, containment and reactor heat ...
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Rail/Tramways Success Stories
Description: Innovative solutions used for modern train maintenance: Multi-Contact placed a connector system in tramways in order to supply the traction motors of bogies in train maintenance facilities. ...
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PDU Installation Options with Diagrams
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: A Power Distribution Unit is a versatile component in your power infrastructure. Here, you will find a few examples of PDU installations that meet specific rack design goals with diagram examples. ...
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Backup Generator Connection
Description: Screw connector for a current level up to 400A to screw onto busbars or panel receptacles with M12 thread. According to the mounting situation and installation features several accessories and/or ...
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Multi-Contact placed Bipolar BTP-HE connector in order to equip high speed trains for batteries & backup systems
Description: . Bipolar touch protected corrector on both receptacle & plug side . The aluminum housing withstands harsh conditions and mechanical influences. ...
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Multi-Pole Connectors for Docking Systems Used in Automated Surface Finishing
Description: * Connectors for multi-couplings are designed for the specific requirements of automated production facilities and meet high plugging frequency requirements up to 1 million mating cycles. * They are ...
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Top 8 Considerations for Choosing the Right Rack PDU
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: Power design in data centers is getting substantial attention - particularly by facilities and engineering personnel - as organizations pursue constant improvements in reliability and energy ...