Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 1701 - 1800 of 3116
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What is the Cold Chain? Your Guide to Cold Chain Temperature Monitoring
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Whether you're a small business owner, warehouse supervisor, or purchasing agent, you stand to benefit from ensuring the integrity and transparency of your food product's cold chain. But what exactly ...
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Vibrations, Compressors, and Food: Industrial Vibrations and Condition Based Maintenance
Description: I was lucky enough to visit the Greater Boston Food Bank, and see how they operate on both their charitable side and their more industrial side. I took some real world vibration measurements from ...
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Bringing Intelligence to Vibration Monitoring Solutions
From: ADLINK Technology Inc.Description: Some manufacturers employ internal maintenance teams to inspect and service equipment. Downtimes for inspection and service can be scheduled so at least the maintenance costs and equipment ...
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Three Vibration/Balancing Solutions for the Aviation Industry
From: MTI Instruments Inc.Description: Jet engine vibration is an everyday concern for commercial and military aviation. This white paper describes three technology solutions that streamline vibration analysis and simplify balancing: 1) A ...
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Robust Eddy Current Displacement Sensors Resistant to Oil and Dirt
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Eddy current displacement sensors from Micro-Epsilon occupy a special position amongst inductive displacement sensors. Insensitive to environmental influences such as temperature, pressure and dirt, ...
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Flow Energy Management: 3 Killer Apps to Lower Energy Costs
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: More and more, buzz words like “flow energy� or “flow energy management� have become prevalent as companies grapple to control costs, reduce energy use, and comply with government ...
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How an Ultrasonic Flow Meter Works
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: An ultrasonic flow meter utilizes ultrasound to measure the velocity of a fluid and is used in a variety of fluid applications. Ultrasonic flowmeters are ideal for water and other liquids. Clamp-on ...
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How Does a Flow Meter Work?
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: A flow meter works by measuring the amount of a gas, liquid or steam that passes through or around the flow meter sensors. While flow meter sensors work in many different ways, the end goal is the ...
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How Does a Water Flow Meter Work?
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: A water flow meter is a device that measures the amount of water flowing through a pipe. There are several water flow meter technologies to choose from depending on the water measurement ...
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Precision Measurement of Low Flow in Gas Mixing Applications
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Editor’s Note: This post was originally published on November 28, 2011. Due to its popularity and continued questions on this issue, we updated the post on March 9, 2018. Choosing the right ...
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Preventable Mistakes with Vortex Flow Meters
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Vortex flowmeter technology is an ideal technology for many applications particularly saturated and supersaturated steam, volumetric water applications as well as flow energy management (natural gas, ...
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Reducing the Likelihood of Fluid Hammers in Steam Applications
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Many of us have heard the sound of pipes banging as we turn a faucet on or off. This sound is the water in the pipe being forced to stop or suddenly change direction and is called “water hammer.� ...
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Striving for Perfection: Flow Energy Partnership Improves Geothermal Energy Production
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Since the early twentieth century, geothermal energy has been used to produce electricity. In the 1980’s and 90’s, rapid expansion in the demand for geothermal energy put pressure on ...
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Understanding 4-20mA - A Current Loop Communications
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Imagine this: You’ve got your flow meter with 4-20mA output setup. Confidently, you flip the switch, turning it on and then it happens-the readings are off. You’re not getting the ...
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Military-grade Vibration Testing for an Aerospace Transformer
Description: Reliable, highly actionable vibration testing is built on a combination of top-of-the-line equipment with advanced fixturing abilities, detailed data input and analysis, and both experienced and ...
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Selecting Instrumentation For Functional Safety (SIL) Applications
Description: Over the past couple of decades, the process industries have seen many changes when it comes to the design and implementation of emergency shutdown/safety systems. The introduction of several ...
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Mass-Stream Thermal Mass Flow Technology
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: This article describes what CTA thermal mass flow meters are; the conventional type and their applications; and what makes Mass-Stream™ technology different. ...
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Monitoring Flare Gas Accurately to Meet Environmental Regulations
Description: The European Union, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many other global groups are working to reduce the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that are the main cause of the global warming ...
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Four Reasons Why Food Manufacturers Should Monitor Moisture
Description: Moisture content is a critical factor to consider in the food industry. The amount of water in a product affects the product's texture, shelf life, ease of processing, and cost to produce. Snack ...
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Product Development Process: Shock and Vibration Data Logger
Description: The Navy needed a method to quickly and easily acquire vibration data in real time on fleet aircraft performing actual mission maneuvers. ...
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How to Push Efficiency Using Laser Triangulation Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Laser triangulation sensors project a red or blue laser beam onto the surface. The light reflected from the spot is imaged by an optical receiving system onto a position-sensitive element in the ...
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A Flow Measurement System Finds Alternative Applications
From: Proteus Industries Inc.Description: The original plan was to develop a flow measurement and control system with leak detection and energy-use calculations for liquid-cooled supercomputers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. ...
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Calibrating Liquid Flow Instruments Beyond +5 °C to +90 °C
From: Proteus Industries Inc.Description: By Richard Fertell, Hamed Ershad, York Xu, Osborne Gumbs, Tammy Tran This article is the first of a series describing how to perform liquid flow rate calibrations at fluid temperatures below +5 °C and ...
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Electrolytic Tilt Sensor Excitation
Description: This document explains the minimum hardware and software requirements for obtaining an angular position measurement from a Fredericks electrolytic tilt sensor. ...
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Vibration Sensor Types and Where to Buy Them
Description: Vibration measurement isn't always a straightforward task. Not only are there many different instrumentation and software options you must choose from, finding vetted suppliers can be a task in of ...
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Patented Silver WindowTM High Temperature Sensor Technology
Description: Obtaining solid, extremely high temperature vibration measurements presents challenges to mechanical designers of many different types of products. Traditional sensors specified to operate at ...
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Ventilation Case Study in Finland
From: Kipp & Zonen, Inc.Description: Kipp & Zonen radiometers were used for a case study in Finland on the effects of different types of ventilation units on keeping pyranometers clean, especially in the winter conditions of snow and ...
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CO2 Leak Detection in Refrigeration Applications
From: Bacharach, Inc.Description: Not all CO2 monitors are suitable for leak detection in refrigeration applications. Sensors need to respond quickly to CO2 levels. CO2 has a high operating pressure, and gases can quickly escape into ...
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Refrigerant Gas Detection - Compliance or Management?
From: Bacharach, Inc.Description: Refrigerant gas detection has been used in the marketplace for many years. The drivers for this have included safety, regulation, cost, energy efficiency, environmental protection and protection of ...
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Room with a Leak: The need for Detection in Occupied Spaces
From: Bacharach, Inc.Description: Modern refrigerant systems are designed to be efficient and leak free. Refrigerant systems are pressurized and in reality, it is widely accepted that no pressurized system is entirely leak free; it is ...
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Infineon Microphone in Noise-cancelling Headsets
From: Infineon Technologies AGDescription: The challenges of designing a noise-cancellation headset, specifically related to the use of silicon microphones in the design. ...
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Measuring PV Performance in the Real World
From: Kipp & Zonen, Inc.Description: The University of Michigan designed and constructed a test-bed for the purpose of evaluating PV modules in real-world conditions, and the impacts of key variables that affect PV performance. Outdoor ...
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Solar Resource Assessment: Making Sense of Data
From: Kipp & Zonen, Inc.Description: Accurate assessment of solar radiation is the foundation upon which profitability of the solar energy industry rests. Precise, on-site, ground measurements with calibrated equipment, is the gold ...
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The Winning Nuon Solar Car Team Uses the SMP10 Pyranometers
From: Kipp & Zonen, Inc.Description: The Sasol Solar Challenge is an eight-day event that took place in South Africa in September 2016. This event sees local and international solar-powered cars travel as fast as they can on various ...
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An Inside Look at Turbulent Flow
Description: Years of talk about observing and studying coolant flow in a clear simulated cooling channel finally becomes a reality. Here's how it all came together, and what it all means. ...
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Application Note: Magnos28 oxygen monitoring in the productionof technical metal powders
Description: Metal powders of defined size and pureness are an important intermediate for further use in the production of minerals based industrial products such as paints, pyrotechnics, silicon nitride ceramics ...
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Key Challenges of Monitoring in Wastewater Treatment
Description: Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) collect wastewater from municipal, commercial and industrial facilities, transport it through a series of contributor pipes, known as a collection system, and ...
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Maintaining Growth in the Wind Power Industry
Description: Seeing wind turbines is commonplace these days and they are a large part of energy production. A wind turbine harnesses wind power to generate electricity. The most common is a horizontal axis wind ...
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Lead Compensation Techniques for RTDs
From: Define InstrumentsDescription: One of the greatest challenges for instrument engineers is dealing with the relatively low resistance of the device. This is because any stray resistance (in particular lead resistance) of RTD ...
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NAVAIR NEWS: Wireless Vibration Recorder Success Story
Description: This article, recently featured on the Navy SBIR/STTR Success Stories, highlights our Slam Stick Wireless Vibration Recorder (WVR), and explains how it has benefited the US Navy, and its SBIR/STTR ...
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"Spectra-cular" Measurements Using Confocal Chromatic Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Confocal chromatic sensors offer modern technology allied with high speed and maximum precision. These characteristics make these versatile displacement and distance sensors suitable for the high ...
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Marine Navigation - Rate of Turn Device Development
From: Memsense, LLCDescription: Today's marine navigation environment offers unprecedented challenges. With the advent of worldwide commerce and economy of scales, Vessel sizes have reached toward the extremes. This has created ...
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Rocket Trajectory Correction Kit - Case Study
From: Memsense, LLCDescription: Memsense, under contract by the US Army's Aviation Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC), developed the sensor component for a tactical rocket retrofit package called the ...
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How to Fight Mold Growth in Your Building
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Mold - a common type of fungi - can take hold in any humid area such as around windows, leaky pipes, carpeting, or saturated areas like wet basements. Once mold enters your building, it can quickly ...
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Need to Do an Energy Audit But Don't Know How?
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Most companies and organizations have many unexplored ways to lower their energy bills. In fact your own facility likely has several unrealized areas where you can decrease or otherwise optimize your ...
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Learn Why Eddy Current Sensors Are Now Replacing Inductive Sensors and Switches
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Both eddy-current sensors as well as inductive switches and displacement sensors have been used for many years, each having their respective advantages when it comes to measuring position and ...
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New ASSE 1070 Sets Safety Standard for Sink, Lavatory and Bathtub Tempering
From: WattsDescription: This past February the ASSE Board approved standard 1070-2004 entitled Performance Requirements for Water Temperature Limiting Devices. The standard was developed for thermostatic devices that ...
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Using a Calorimeter to Measure Heating Value in Flare Stacks
Description: An article on how to use calorimeters in measuring the heating value in flare stacks. ...
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Accelerometers: Hermetic Sealing and Helium Leak Testing
Description: Loosely defined as a "metal to metal weld, braze, solder or metal to glass fusion," hermetic sealing is a vague (and often abused) term. Under the previously cited definition even a porous weld would ...
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Piezoelectric Accelerometer Design
Description: Information about piezoelectric accelerometer design including piezoelectric transducers, quartz and piezoceramics, mechanical design, charge amplification and design trade-offs. ...
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The History of Float Switches
Description: A search of the patents for float level sensors and float switches will uncover a number of patents dated back to the late 1800's. One invention references a magnetic float used to induce movement of ...
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Ensure Accurate Flow Measurement in Sanitary Applications
Description: Flow measurement in the food and beverage and the pharmaceutical and biotech processing industries is one of the most fundamental and critical measurement applications in terms of affecting product ...
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Best Flow Meter Technologies for Flow Energy Management in Power Plant Applications
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Generating electricity in a natural gas power plant is a complex process due to the multiple steps involved with the different types of fluids being used and optimized. Dr. John Olin, Founder of ...
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How Does a Thermal Flow Meter Work?
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: An insertion-type (immersible) thermal flow meter works by measuring the total mass flow rate of air/gas flowing through a pipe or duct. In a thermal flow meter’s simplest working ...
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The Ongoing Evolution of Oxygen Sensor Technology
From: SST Sensing Ltd.Description: This article explores the ongoing evolution of oxygen sensor technology, highlighting how advances in materials, electronics, and manufacturing have improved accuracy, reliability, and application ...
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Wellhead Pressure Interlock Protection
From: SOR Inc.Description: There are many pressure related issues of concern in petroleum well production. Both high and low pressure conditions are indications of problems that must be addressed to maintain well safety and ...
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Incorrect Temperature Measurements: The Importance of Transmissivity and Infrared Windows
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Infrared (IR) windows save lives. Most Thermographers today are thankful to perform their scans without the danger and time of removing heavy panels. But just as the thermal imager is a tool - so is ...
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OSHA and NFPA 70 Their Implications on Energized Thermography of Electrical Distribution Systems
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Electrical accidents happen daily; however, there are important steps that companies and individuals can take to reduce the occurrence of these accidents and protect everybody concerned from the ...
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OSHA and NFPA 70 Transmission Stability and Infrared Windows: The Effects of Transmissivity on Data Accuracy
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: As the saying goes, "garbage in, garbage out." This truism is every bit as applicable in thermography as it is in computer data-mining. The difference is that the inaccurate data which leads a ...
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Vortab Flow Conditioners Technical Note: Improving Flow Measurement Accuracy with Flow Conditioners
Description: When looking for a way to reduce plant operating costs, one of the potentially simplest and often least expensive solutions is to measure liquid and gas flow more accurately. Plant upgrade projects ...
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What are Liquid Properties? Why Should You Care?
Description: No, Liquid Properties are not underwater real estate. Rather, they are the characteristics of flowing substances or fluids. ...
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Stands Up to the Complexity of Ingredient Measurement
From: Flow Technology, Inc.Description: Efficient process flows are, of course, essential for any manufacturing operation, but for food manufacturers, the nature of the ingredients moving within these flows presents unique challenges. Few ...
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Coil Coating Problems: Maintenance is Burdensome
Description: Maintenance is burdensome. Sample lines clog, pumps break down, and analyzer elements become fouled - all resulting in excessive labor and costly downtime. Coil coating ovens typically operate at ...
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Coil Coating Problems: Response Time
Description: Coil coating line managers report that they experience three basic problems in solvent vapor monitoring, we've discussed the maintenance and accuracy issues, now let's look at response time: Coil ...
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Coil Coating Problems: Sensor Accuracy
Description: Coil coating line managers report that they experience three basic problems in solvent vapor monitoring, last week we looked at maintenance issues, this week the focus is on accuracy: Sensor accuracy ...
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Pressure Transducer Calibration Terms Explained
From: EndevcoDescription: I have received a pressure transducer with the calibration certificate. I am uncertain of the terms listed on the cal cert. Can you explain these terms a little more relative to how it may affect my ...
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PrevEx vs. IR Flexible Packaging Printing Case History
Description: Steel and cast iron are typically used for bore housings as they provide a good surface for accepting both metal and rubber O.D. seals. For soft metal, such as Aluminum, a rubber O.D. is recommended. ...
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Selecting an Airborne Amplifier for Flight Test Applications: Gain Calculations
From: EndevcoDescription: How do I select the correct gain based on my accelerometer model? ...
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SEPE Accelerometer Input
From: EndevcoDescription: I am trying to use a Single Ended PE accelerometer, model 2248, as an input to the 6634C amplifier and there are no details in the instruction manual for this input. ...
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Solvent-Based Printing 101 Case History
Description: Steel and cast iron are typically used for bore housings as they provide a good surface for accepting both metal and rubber O.D. seals. For soft metal, such as Aluminum, a rubber O.D. is recommended. ...
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Top 3 Problems in Coil Coating Atmospheres
Description: Maintenance is burdensome. Sample lines clog, pumps break down, and analyzer elements become fouled - all resulting in excessive labor and costly downtime. Sensor accuracy is a problem. Because most ...
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ZMO and Absolute Pressure Transducers
From: EndevcoDescription: How is the ZMO value derived with Endevco absolute pressure transducers? I have an 8515C-50 transducer with a ZMO specified on the cal cert. Is this value recorded at atmospheric pressure? ...
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Importance of Flare Gas Measurement Grows to Meet Environmental Regulations
Description: In the oil and gas industry, regulations and requirements to measure, monitor and report flared gases continue to expand and extend. The USA EPA continues to focus on enhancing regulations aimed at ...
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Improving Flow Measurement Accuracy with Flow Conditioners
Description: When looking for a way to reduce plant operating costs, one of the potentially simplest and often least expensive solutions is to measure liquid and gas flow more accurately. Plant upgrade projects ...
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Keep Your Pumps Running Smoothly to Optimize Process Efficiency
Description: Industrial pumps consume up to 20% of the world's energy production and can be responsible for 25 to 50% of a process plant's energy bill, according to Europump, the Hydraulic Institute and other ...
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Natural Gas Fractionation Process Facilities Rely on Flow Switch for Relief Valve Leak Monitoring
Description: A company with multiple natural gas liquid (NGL) fractionation process facilities located in the Southeastern U.S became concerned about a series of missed events and nuisance alarms caused by the ...
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Thermal Flow Meter Helps Semiconductor Manufacturer Solve Boiler Fuel Gas Mystery for Multi-Building Campus
Description: When the plant team at a large semiconductor manufacturer in the northwestern region of the U.S. found its boilers were consuming an unusually large quantity of natural gas, the numbers simply didn't ...
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Operation of a MEMS-Microphone Sound-Level-Meter in Dusty Environments
From: Convergence InstrumentsDescription: MEMS microphones, such as those used in the Noise Sentry RT line of integrating sound-level meters, have definite advantages compared to traditional electrostatic microphones ...
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Vibration Sentry RT Shipment Monitoring Applications
From: Convergence InstrumentsDescription: The Vibration Sentry series datalogger can be used to monitor shipments in transit and record adverse events such as shocks, high vibration levels and/or tilt. In order to do that properly, careful ...
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Why Should You Measure Viscosity?
Description: Viscosity is the measure of a substance's resistance to motion under an applied force. Are you working with Newtonian or Non-Newtonian Fluids? From adhesives to paint and food to petroleum - viscosity ...
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RTD's with Metallized Backside
Description: In definition, response time refers to the interval in time a system needs to react to a given input. Decreasing response time while maintaining a high quality and accuracy is an issue which many ...
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Crystals May Boost Health & Wellness BUT When Used as IR Windows, They Fail Miserably
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: The New Age industry claims that Crystals are thought to posses different levels of energy that produce effects that enhance our health and overall wellness. These beliefs are currently outside the ...
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Replace Failed Electrical Equipment Viewing Windows While Adding Infrared Inspection Capability
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Vandolah Power, a Power Generation Plant in Florida, struggled with inspecting their 18KV, 8000Amp Generator Breaker through the factory installed standard viewing windows. The windows had suffered ...
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Offshore Drilling Company Reaps Big Savings with FlexIR Windows
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Recently, the chief electrician of a large offshore drilling company realized the problems his staff were having performing safe and efficient infrared inspections on their electrical equipment. In ...
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DNV Certified IR Windows Assure Reliability and Safety at Sea
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Manufactured in 2013, the Maersk Intrepid is a drilling rig that has been designed to operate in the extremely harsh environment of the North Sea. Up to 150 people stay on the rig at any one time so, ...
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A Powerful Case for Infrared Windows
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: A regional Power Generation Facility had been tasked by their insurance carrier to perform regular preventive maintenance on the switchgear within their facility. Unfortunately, regular downtime was ...
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Know Your Emissivity
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: The material emissivity (written as "e" or "e") is the relative power of its surface to emit heat by radiation. Materials are assigned an emissivity value between 0 and 1.0. Emissivity is a measure of ...
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Application Note: Sensors in Anesthesia Machines
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: A medical anesthesia machine is designed to deliver drugs that help to eliminate pain and other unwanted sensations. The continuous flow anesthetic machine provides an accurate and constant supply of ...
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Application Note: Sensors in Sleep Apnea Machines
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Sleep apnea is the repeated cessation of breathing during sleep, sometimes hundreds of times during the night and often for a minute or longer. If left untreated, sleep apnea can cause high blood ...
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Embedded Products for Medical Applications
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Embedded sensors, switches, scan engines and barcode decoding software may potentially be used throughout a hospital to enhance patient care. Honeywell's products are designed to provide enhanced ...
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White Paper: Do You Know When Your Proximity Sensor is Sick?
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: A proximity sensor is a sensor capable of detecting the presence of nearby metal objects without any physical contact. The proximity sensor generally functions by detecting changes in a local ...
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Capacitive Sensors Open Up New Perspectives
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Conventional capacitive sensors are known from simple tasks e.g. as proximity sensor or for fill level measurements. With corresponding design and evaluation electronics, these sensors can also be ...
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Calibration Guide for Torque Testers & Sensors
From: Mountz, Inc.Description: Guide to the Calibration of Torque Testers & Sensors with a Segment Arm ...
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Thickness Measurement with Laser Displacement Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Laser displacement sensors are often used for measuring distance, movement and dimensions. If the measured values from two sensors are evaluated together, the thickness of an object can be determined ...
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Transit Time Flow Measurement Versus Ultrasonic Doppler Technology
Description: Improved flow measurement is primed to have a growing impact on reducing water loss across the entire water distribution network. ...
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Mass Flowmeter CoriolisMaster Diagnostics, Verification and Proof Test
Description: Users often question whether their measuring devices are working properly and within specified measurement accuracy. The new CoriolisMaster flowmeter models by ABB include technology for integrated ...
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Overview of Magnetic Sensor Technology
Description: Four generations of magnetic sensing technology n 1st Generation: Hall Effect Sensor n 2nd Generation: AMR (Anisotropic Magneto Resistance) Sensor n 3rd Generation: GMR (Giant Magneto Resistance) ...
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Adaptive Shock Pulses on an Electrodynamic Shaker White Paper
From: Thermotron IndustriesDescription: A physics (kinematics) solver built into a vibration controller is used to optimize reference pulses for classic shock specifications. These Adaptive references are more realistic, more controllable ...
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The Value Curve
Description: This graph demonstrates the principle that Reynolds Numbers greater than 8000 represent diminishing return on investment. ...
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Guided-Mode Resonance and Plasmonic Array Structures for Enhanced Sensing
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: This white paper presents label-free and microarray-based SEFS results for 1-D photonic crystal (PC) sensing utilizing the guided mode resonance (GMR) effect, as well as SERS sensing with 2-D metallic ...