Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 1701 - 1800 of 3086
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Measuring PV Performance in the Real World
From: Kipp & Zonen, Inc.Description: The University of Michigan designed and constructed a test-bed for the purpose of evaluating PV modules in real-world conditions, and the impacts of key variables that affect PV performance. Outdoor ...
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Solar Resource Assessment: Making Sense of Data
From: Kipp & Zonen, Inc.Description: Accurate assessment of solar radiation is the foundation upon which profitability of the solar energy industry rests. Precise, on-site, ground measurements with calibrated equipment, is the gold ...
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The Winning Nuon Solar Car Team Uses the SMP10 Pyranometers
From: Kipp & Zonen, Inc.Description: The Sasol Solar Challenge is an eight-day event that took place in South Africa in September 2016. This event sees local and international solar-powered cars travel as fast as they can on various ...
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An Inside Look at Turbulent Flow
Description: Years of talk about observing and studying coolant flow in a clear simulated cooling channel finally becomes a reality. Here's how it all came together, and what it all means. ...
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Application Note: Magnos28 oxygen monitoring in the productionof technical metal powders
Description: Metal powders of defined size and pureness are an important intermediate for further use in the production of minerals based industrial products such as paints, pyrotechnics, silicon nitride ceramics ...
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Key Challenges of Monitoring in Wastewater Treatment
Description: Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) collect wastewater from municipal, commercial and industrial facilities, transport it through a series of contributor pipes, known as a collection system, and ...
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Maintaining Growth in the Wind Power Industry
Description: Seeing wind turbines is commonplace these days and they are a large part of energy production. A wind turbine harnesses wind power to generate electricity. The most common is a horizontal axis wind ...
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Lead Compensation Techniques for RTDs
From: Define InstrumentsDescription: One of the greatest challenges for instrument engineers is dealing with the relatively low resistance of the device. This is because any stray resistance (in particular lead resistance) of RTD ...
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NAVAIR NEWS: Wireless Vibration Recorder Success Story
Description: This article, recently featured on the Navy SBIR/STTR Success Stories, highlights our Slam Stick Wireless Vibration Recorder (WVR), and explains how it has benefited the US Navy, and its SBIR/STTR ...
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"Spectra-cular" Measurements Using Confocal Chromatic Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Confocal chromatic sensors offer modern technology allied with high speed and maximum precision. These characteristics make these versatile displacement and distance sensors suitable for the high ...
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Marine Navigation - Rate of Turn Device Development
From: Memsense, LLCDescription: Today's marine navigation environment offers unprecedented challenges. With the advent of worldwide commerce and economy of scales, Vessel sizes have reached toward the extremes. This has created ...
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Rocket Trajectory Correction Kit - Case Study
From: Memsense, LLCDescription: Memsense, under contract by the US Army's Aviation Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC), developed the sensor component for a tactical rocket retrofit package called the ...
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How to Fight Mold Growth in Your Building
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Mold - a common type of fungi - can take hold in any humid area such as around windows, leaky pipes, carpeting, or saturated areas like wet basements. Once mold enters your building, it can quickly ...
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Need to Do an Energy Audit But Don't Know How?
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Most companies and organizations have many unexplored ways to lower their energy bills. In fact your own facility likely has several unrealized areas where you can decrease or otherwise optimize your ...
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Learn Why Eddy Current Sensors Are Now Replacing Inductive Sensors and Switches
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Both eddy-current sensors as well as inductive switches and displacement sensors have been used for many years, each having their respective advantages when it comes to measuring position and ...
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New ASSE 1070 Sets Safety Standard for Sink, Lavatory and Bathtub Tempering
From: WattsDescription: This past February the ASSE Board approved standard 1070-2004 entitled Performance Requirements for Water Temperature Limiting Devices. The standard was developed for thermostatic devices that ...
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Using a Calorimeter to Measure Heating Value in Flare Stacks
Description: An article on how to use calorimeters in measuring the heating value in flare stacks. ...
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Accelerometers: Hermetic Sealing and Helium Leak Testing
Description: Loosely defined as a "metal to metal weld, braze, solder or metal to glass fusion," hermetic sealing is a vague (and often abused) term. Under the previously cited definition even a porous weld would ...
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Piezoelectric Accelerometer Design
Description: Information about piezoelectric accelerometer design including piezoelectric transducers, quartz and piezoceramics, mechanical design, charge amplification and design trade-offs. ...
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The History of Float Switches
Description: A search of the patents for float level sensors and float switches will uncover a number of patents dated back to the late 1800's. One invention references a magnetic float used to induce movement of ...
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Ensure Accurate Flow Measurement in Sanitary Applications
Description: Flow measurement in the food and beverage and the pharmaceutical and biotech processing industries is one of the most fundamental and critical measurement applications in terms of affecting product ...
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Best Flow Meter Technologies for Flow Energy Management in Power Plant Applications
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Generating electricity in a natural gas power plant is a complex process due to the multiple steps involved with the different types of fluids being used and optimized. Dr. John Olin, Founder of ...
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How Does a Thermal Flow Meter Work?
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: An insertion-type (immersible) thermal flow meter works by measuring the total mass flow rate of air/gas flowing through a pipe or duct. In a thermal flow meter’s simplest working ...
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The Ongoing Evolution of Oxygen Sensor Technology
From: SST Sensing Ltd.Description: This article explores the ongoing evolution of oxygen sensor technology, highlighting how advances in materials, electronics, and manufacturing have improved accuracy, reliability, and application ...
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Wellhead Pressure Interlock Protection
From: SOR Inc.Description: There are many pressure related issues of concern in petroleum well production. Both high and low pressure conditions are indications of problems that must be addressed to maintain well safety and ...
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Incorrect Temperature Measurements: The Importance of Transmissivity and Infrared Windows
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Infrared (IR) windows save lives. Most Thermographers today are thankful to perform their scans without the danger and time of removing heavy panels. But just as the thermal imager is a tool - so is ...
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OSHA and NFPA 70 Their Implications on Energized Thermography of Electrical Distribution Systems
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Electrical accidents happen daily; however, there are important steps that companies and individuals can take to reduce the occurrence of these accidents and protect everybody concerned from the ...
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OSHA and NFPA 70 Transmission Stability and Infrared Windows: The Effects of Transmissivity on Data Accuracy
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: As the saying goes, "garbage in, garbage out." This truism is every bit as applicable in thermography as it is in computer data-mining. The difference is that the inaccurate data which leads a ...
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Vortab Flow Conditioners Technical Note: Improving Flow Measurement Accuracy with Flow Conditioners
Description: When looking for a way to reduce plant operating costs, one of the potentially simplest and often least expensive solutions is to measure liquid and gas flow more accurately. Plant upgrade projects ...
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What are Liquid Properties? Why Should You Care?
Description: No, Liquid Properties are not underwater real estate. Rather, they are the characteristics of flowing substances or fluids. ...
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Stands Up to the Complexity of Ingredient Measurement
From: Flow Technology, Inc.Description: Efficient process flows are, of course, essential for any manufacturing operation, but for food manufacturers, the nature of the ingredients moving within these flows presents unique challenges. Few ...
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Coil Coating Problems: Maintenance is Burdensome
Description: Maintenance is burdensome. Sample lines clog, pumps break down, and analyzer elements become fouled - all resulting in excessive labor and costly downtime. Coil coating ovens typically operate at ...
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Coil Coating Problems: Response Time
Description: Coil coating line managers report that they experience three basic problems in solvent vapor monitoring, we've discussed the maintenance and accuracy issues, now let's look at response time: Coil ...
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Coil Coating Problems: Sensor Accuracy
Description: Coil coating line managers report that they experience three basic problems in solvent vapor monitoring, last week we looked at maintenance issues, this week the focus is on accuracy: Sensor accuracy ...
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Pressure Transducer Calibration Terms Explained
From: EndevcoDescription: I have received a pressure transducer with the calibration certificate. I am uncertain of the terms listed on the cal cert. Can you explain these terms a little more relative to how it may affect my ...
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PrevEx vs. IR Flexible Packaging Printing Case History
Description: Steel and cast iron are typically used for bore housings as they provide a good surface for accepting both metal and rubber O.D. seals. For soft metal, such as Aluminum, a rubber O.D. is recommended. ...
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Selecting an Airborne Amplifier for Flight Test Applications: Gain Calculations
From: EndevcoDescription: How do I select the correct gain based on my accelerometer model? ...
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SEPE Accelerometer Input
From: EndevcoDescription: I am trying to use a Single Ended PE accelerometer, model 2248, as an input to the 6634C amplifier and there are no details in the instruction manual for this input. ...
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Solvent-Based Printing 101 Case History
Description: Steel and cast iron are typically used for bore housings as they provide a good surface for accepting both metal and rubber O.D. seals. For soft metal, such as Aluminum, a rubber O.D. is recommended. ...
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Top 3 Problems in Coil Coating Atmospheres
Description: Maintenance is burdensome. Sample lines clog, pumps break down, and analyzer elements become fouled - all resulting in excessive labor and costly downtime. Sensor accuracy is a problem. Because most ...
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ZMO and Absolute Pressure Transducers
From: EndevcoDescription: How is the ZMO value derived with Endevco absolute pressure transducers? I have an 8515C-50 transducer with a ZMO specified on the cal cert. Is this value recorded at atmospheric pressure? ...
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Importance of Flare Gas Measurement Grows to Meet Environmental Regulations
Description: In the oil and gas industry, regulations and requirements to measure, monitor and report flared gases continue to expand and extend. The USA EPA continues to focus on enhancing regulations aimed at ...
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Improving Flow Measurement Accuracy with Flow Conditioners
Description: When looking for a way to reduce plant operating costs, one of the potentially simplest and often least expensive solutions is to measure liquid and gas flow more accurately. Plant upgrade projects ...
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Keep Your Pumps Running Smoothly to Optimize Process Efficiency
Description: Industrial pumps consume up to 20% of the world's energy production and can be responsible for 25 to 50% of a process plant's energy bill, according to Europump, the Hydraulic Institute and other ...
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Natural Gas Fractionation Process Facilities Rely on Flow Switch for Relief Valve Leak Monitoring
Description: A company with multiple natural gas liquid (NGL) fractionation process facilities located in the Southeastern U.S became concerned about a series of missed events and nuisance alarms caused by the ...
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Thermal Flow Meter Helps Semiconductor Manufacturer Solve Boiler Fuel Gas Mystery for Multi-Building Campus
Description: When the plant team at a large semiconductor manufacturer in the northwestern region of the U.S. found its boilers were consuming an unusually large quantity of natural gas, the numbers simply didn't ...
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Operation of a MEMS-Microphone Sound-Level-Meter in Dusty Environments
From: Convergence InstrumentsDescription: MEMS microphones, such as those used in the Noise Sentry RT line of integrating sound-level meters, have definite advantages compared to traditional electrostatic microphones ...
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Vibration Sentry RT Shipment Monitoring Applications
From: Convergence InstrumentsDescription: The Vibration Sentry series datalogger can be used to monitor shipments in transit and record adverse events such as shocks, high vibration levels and/or tilt. In order to do that properly, careful ...
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Why Should You Measure Viscosity?
Description: Viscosity is the measure of a substance's resistance to motion under an applied force. Are you working with Newtonian or Non-Newtonian Fluids? From adhesives to paint and food to petroleum - viscosity ...
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RTD's with Metallized Backside
Description: In definition, response time refers to the interval in time a system needs to react to a given input. Decreasing response time while maintaining a high quality and accuracy is an issue which many ...
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Crystals May Boost Health & Wellness BUT When Used as IR Windows, They Fail Miserably
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: The New Age industry claims that Crystals are thought to posses different levels of energy that produce effects that enhance our health and overall wellness. These beliefs are currently outside the ...
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Replace Failed Electrical Equipment Viewing Windows While Adding Infrared Inspection Capability
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Vandolah Power, a Power Generation Plant in Florida, struggled with inspecting their 18KV, 8000Amp Generator Breaker through the factory installed standard viewing windows. The windows had suffered ...
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Offshore Drilling Company Reaps Big Savings with FlexIR Windows
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Recently, the chief electrician of a large offshore drilling company realized the problems his staff were having performing safe and efficient infrared inspections on their electrical equipment. In ...
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DNV Certified IR Windows Assure Reliability and Safety at Sea
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: Manufactured in 2013, the Maersk Intrepid is a drilling rig that has been designed to operate in the extremely harsh environment of the North Sea. Up to 150 people stay on the rig at any one time so, ...
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A Powerful Case for Infrared Windows
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: A regional Power Generation Facility had been tasked by their insurance carrier to perform regular preventive maintenance on the switchgear within their facility. Unfortunately, regular downtime was ...
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Know Your Emissivity
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: The material emissivity (written as "e" or "e") is the relative power of its surface to emit heat by radiation. Materials are assigned an emissivity value between 0 and 1.0. Emissivity is a measure of ...
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Application Note: Sensors in Anesthesia Machines
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: A medical anesthesia machine is designed to deliver drugs that help to eliminate pain and other unwanted sensations. The continuous flow anesthetic machine provides an accurate and constant supply of ...
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Application Note: Sensors in Sleep Apnea Machines
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Sleep apnea is the repeated cessation of breathing during sleep, sometimes hundreds of times during the night and often for a minute or longer. If left untreated, sleep apnea can cause high blood ...
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Embedded Products for Medical Applications
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Embedded sensors, switches, scan engines and barcode decoding software may potentially be used throughout a hospital to enhance patient care. Honeywell's products are designed to provide enhanced ...
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White Paper: Do You Know When Your Proximity Sensor is Sick?
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: A proximity sensor is a sensor capable of detecting the presence of nearby metal objects without any physical contact. The proximity sensor generally functions by detecting changes in a local ...
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Capacitive Sensors Open Up New Perspectives
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Conventional capacitive sensors are known from simple tasks e.g. as proximity sensor or for fill level measurements. With corresponding design and evaluation electronics, these sensors can also be ...
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Calibration Guide for Torque Testers & Sensors
From: Mountz, Inc.Description: Guide to the Calibration of Torque Testers & Sensors with a Segment Arm ...
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Thickness Measurement with Laser Displacement Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Laser displacement sensors are often used for measuring distance, movement and dimensions. If the measured values from two sensors are evaluated together, the thickness of an object can be determined ...
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Transit Time Flow Measurement Versus Ultrasonic Doppler Technology
Description: Improved flow measurement is primed to have a growing impact on reducing water loss across the entire water distribution network. ...
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Mass Flowmeter CoriolisMaster Diagnostics, Verification and Proof Test
Description: Users often question whether their measuring devices are working properly and within specified measurement accuracy. The new CoriolisMaster flowmeter models by ABB include technology for integrated ...
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Overview of Magnetic Sensor Technology
Description: Four generations of magnetic sensing technology n 1st Generation: Hall Effect Sensor n 2nd Generation: AMR (Anisotropic Magneto Resistance) Sensor n 3rd Generation: GMR (Giant Magneto Resistance) ...
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Adaptive Shock Pulses on an Electrodynamic Shaker White Paper
From: Thermotron IndustriesDescription: A physics (kinematics) solver built into a vibration controller is used to optimize reference pulses for classic shock specifications. These Adaptive references are more realistic, more controllable ...
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The Value Curve
Description: This graph demonstrates the principle that Reynolds Numbers greater than 8000 represent diminishing return on investment. ...
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Guided-Mode Resonance and Plasmonic Array Structures for Enhanced Sensing
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: This white paper presents label-free and microarray-based SEFS results for 1-D photonic crystal (PC) sensing utilizing the guided mode resonance (GMR) effect, as well as SERS sensing with 2-D metallic ...
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Piston Gear Measurement
Description: Working alongside companies who supply accurate and reliable precision gauging probes to manufacturing companies, Solartron Metrology's display unit can improve the overall product offering, providing ...
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Technology That Extends the Life of Quartz Thermocouple Sheaths in ASM Epsilon Reactors
From: Conax TechnologiesDescription: Conax Technologies has developed ground-breaking technology that lowers the cost of ASM Epsilon® reactor ownership. After eight years of development and testing, Conax introduces its exclusive new ...
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How to Reach Unrivaled Precision in Distance and Thickness Measurements with Confocal Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Sensors that measure the distance to an object have many application areas in the manufacturing industry and in quality control. The requirements for the measurement system differ substantially ...
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Accuracy in Adversity
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: It is a fact of the industry that oil and gas companies are required, by various rules and regulations, to routinely perform gas sampling to establish gas composition, flow rates and gas properties. ...
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Advancing Mass Flow Technology with Multi-range and Multi-gas Programmability
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: This new white paper discusses the impact this new technology has had on how MFCs are engineered into different systems, and the way plants have modified their operations to take full advantage of ...
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How to Get the Best Possible Accuracy for Carbon Dioxide Applications
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: When buying a mass flow controller, the accuracy specification that is published on the data sheet is important criteria to evaluate. ...
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Overcoming Natural Gas Sampling Challenges in Oil & Gas Applications
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: It is a fact that in order to comply with various government rules and regulations, oil and gas companies have to continually take natural gas samples to prove the gas composition and amount of gas ...
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What are the Advantages of Ultrasonic Wind Sensors?
From: LufftUSADescription: Whether mechanical, ultrasonic or laser wind measurements: all measuring methods have technical limits. While for mechanical wind sensors the measuring element - cups and vanes - itself predominantly ...
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Breakthrough in Flare Gas Measurement Improves Efficiency Tech Note
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Oil wells almost always produce natural gas along with the petroleum. In many cases, it is uneconomical to process due to heavy contamination. ...
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Do You Have the Thermal Mass Flow Advantage? (Infographic)
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Use this infographic to learn how counting molecules saves you money and increases accuracy in results. ...
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For Vortex Flow Meters, Accuracy Matters in Steam Energy Flow Measurement
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: The heat is on. Most facilities managers are in the hot seat to account for all of the flow energy, going in and out of their facility which is no easy task. This mandate is no different for steam ...
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How to Reduce Methane Emissions with Thermal Mass Flow Meters
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: The flare gas discussion is heating up again. According to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. oil production is at an all-time high, and so are the harmful methane emissions from leaks, flaring ...
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Turning Your Boiler for EPA Boiler MACT Compliance
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: The EPA's Boiler MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology) regulations are heating up. Boiler MACT is an EPA rule to limit hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from commercial and industrial boilers and ...
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Basic Humidity Definitions
Description: The concept of Dalton's law is often overlooked in considering problems in humidity measurement, because one forgets that the "water" in a gas is actually a gas itself and must be treated in ...
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Application Note: Monitoring Ocean Floor Levels During Oil Drilling
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: To meet the long-term global demand for oil, drilling companies have been exploring in the deep and ultra-deep water for reserves at great expense. It's vital for the drilling companies to know where ...
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Application Note: Test Stands for Aerospace Hydraulic Testing
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Test stands are designed to test aircraft actuators and hydraulics by simulating the actuators in various directions that they will likely see in use. Equipped with products to measure actuator speed, ...
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The Measurement of Turbidity and Suspended Solids
Description: We say that a particular water sample is turbid when the sample is hazy or cloudy. The main effect of the haziness is that we cannot see clearly through the sample after a certain distance, as the ...
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White Paper: Measuring Pressure in Medical Chemistry Analyzers
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: One of the challenges designers face when selecting pressure sensors for medical equipment applications is sensor performance in condensing humidity. Tradeoffs in functionality, packaging, and cost ...
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White Paper: The Economics of Accuracy in Low-Cost, High-Volume Sensing Applications
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Various research firms forecast the market for portable medical devices to be somewhere around the $20 billion range within the next several years. Small devices need to provide adequate levels of ...
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A Comparison of Blue and Red Laser Triangulation Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Although red laser triangulation displacement sensors have been in use for more than 20 years, blue laser versions are also now available. Before selecting which colour to use, it is important to ...
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Hoffer Engineering Guide for Liquids
Description: Hoffer inline turbine flowmeters are velocity measuring devices, which is to say they measure the average velocity of a fluid flowing through the body of the meter. ...
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Rotronic - Ceramic Drying
Description: The word ceramic comes from the ancient Greek word Keramos which was the description for pottery made of burned clay mineral. The oldest ceramic object discovered is the statue of "Venus of Dolní ...
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Rotronic - Freeze Drying
Description: The freeze drying process can be traced back to prehistoric times. Back in the 15th century, freeze drying was used by the Incas. They stored their crops on the mountain heights above Machu Picchu ...
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Rotronic - Humidity and Tobacco Drying
Description: Tobacco is a plant that grows natively in North and South America. Records indicate tobacco was cultivated as early as 1 B.C. by the Native Americans. China's tobacco market, which is the largest in ...
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Rotronic - Humidity in Clean Rooms
Description: A clean room is a manufacturing environment that has a low level of environmental pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes, aerosol particles and chemical vapors. The air inside is constantly ...
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Rotronic - Humidity in Drying Lumber
Description: Wood is one of the oldest building materials on the planet. Before wood can be used as a construction material whether it be a structural support in a building or to manufacture furniture, it has to ...
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Rotronic - Humidity in H2O2
Description: Sterilization methods used around the world are changing. Hot steam morpholine or formaldehyde processes are being replaced by hydrogen peroxide sterilization techniques. New methods such as the Dry ...
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Rotronic - Humidity in the Lab
Description: A laboratory is a facility or workplace that provides controlled conditions in which scientific research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. In contrast to the office, the work in a lab is ...
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Rotronic - Humidity in Transportation
Description: One key reason for the success and wealth of some nations in the modern world is their ability to produce unique goods better than any other nation or region. Towns, regions or even entire countries ...
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Rotronic - Incubators and Humidity
Description: In order for life to flourish, all organisms require a certain level of moisture, oxygen, sunshine and CO2 . Plant life requires a certain soil quality to ensure successful growth rates. Each and ...
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Rotronic - Meteorology
Description: What is the weather going to be like tomorrow? For a long time, people have tried to predict weather conditions using the hydrologic climate cycle. In the early 1920's scientists were able to compile ...