Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Reference Articles 2901 - 3000 of 3232
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Application Guidelines for On-Board Power Converters (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: On-board power converter technology has extensively matured over the last two years. Until recently, the industry was manufacturing converters from 5 W of power to, at most, 30 W. Today, converter ...
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Board-Mounted Power Modules: Soldering and Cleaning (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: Board-mounted power modules are purchased by many different and diverse customers for a broad range of applications. there are just as many different soldering techniques and cleaning processes. If a ...
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Efficient Front-End Power (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: As end applications demand more and more processing power, increased bandwidth, and more storage capacity, datacenters are under fire to manage and support these needs while balancing energy ...
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Front-End Technology Takes on Data Center Power (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: Today's front-end power supplies are using innovative designs and enhanced thermal management techniques to bring power density and efficiency levels to new highs and form factors to new lows. As a ...
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Guidelines for Sequencing of Multiple Modules (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: Today's electronics systems require multiple power supply voltages to power the various ICs. Board designers need to not just provide multiple voltages, but also to ensure proper voltage sequencing ...
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Thermal Characterization Process For Open-Frame Board Mounted Power Modules (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: The remote on/off feature on the board-mounted power modules (BMPMs) allows the user to switch the module on and off electronically. This feature provides greater flexibility in the start-up ...
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Power Rating & Heat Sink Dimensioning When Using Resistors (.pdf)
From: Riedon, Inc.Description: In our data sheets the nominal power dissipation is mentioned for all resistors. The data are mentioned for a free standing assembly i.e. SMD assembled on a PCB. The ambient temperature is always ...
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Temperature and TC of a Resistor (.pdf)
From: Riedon, Inc.Description: In today's modern fields of measurement and electronics, particularly in such industries as heating and ventilation (HVAC), medical technology, and military applications: precision, stability, and ...
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Compliant Tail (Press-Fit) Contacts in Mil Circular Connectors (.pdf)
Description: The commercial world has long utilized compliant pin technologies to insert connectors on to printed circuit boards. These connectors were designed for ease assembly and to reduce the need for fluxes ...
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6 Common Cable Failure Modes
From: igus® inc.Description: 6 Common Cable Failure Modes It's very important for cables used in continuous-flex applications to follow certain construction and performance guidelines. However, before choosing a continuous-flex ...
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7 Guidelines for Continuous-flex Cables
From: igus® inc.Description: In the previous installment in our TechTalk series for continuous-flex cables, we discussed the six common cable failure modes often seen in cables used in industrial applications on automated ...
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Caring for Cables
From: igus® inc.Description: What is a cable carrier? Cable carriers guide and protect cables and hoses on moving machinery. They prevent tangling and damage from debris or contact with the machine itself. Using cable carriers ...
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Continuous-flex Cable Construction
From: igus® inc.Description: Cables constructed in layers are significantly cheaper to produce, therefore many manufacturers offer 'continuous-flexing cable' with this low-cost design. However, these cables are often constructed ...
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Gliding, Long Travel Cable Carrier Applications
From: igus® inc.Description: Cable carriers guide and protect moving cables and hoses at low to high speeds, over long and short distances, in all axes, and in a wide range of different applications all over the world. Over the ...
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Humanoid Robots
From: igus® inc.Description: Whether it's human nature, paranoia (the action movie, 'I, Robot', where some famous movie star tries to thwart millions of robots from taking over the world, comes to mind) or something else ...
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Plastic Versus Steel Cable Carriers
From: igus® inc.Description: Are there still engineers who prefer to use steel cable carriers over plastic? Why is this? The first cable carriers were made from steel so, as is often the case, the assumption is that the older the ...
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The Basics Behind ESD Applications Using Cable Carriers
From: igus® inc.Description: Special ESD (electrostatic discharge) cable carriers are used in numerous industrial sectors. When designing a cable carrier system into an ESD application, there are two important reasons why these ...
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The Cable Distribution Rules You Need to Obey
From: igus® inc.Description: The key advantage of a cable carrier is that bus and motor cables, pneumatics, electrics and hydraulics can all be guided safely in one system. However, correctly arranging each cable and hose within ...
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What to Look for When Specifying a Robot Cable
From: igus® inc.Description: As industrial robotic applications become more and more demanding, we're finding an increased need for flexible cables that can handle extremely complex movements and still deliver a long service ...
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The `Good Old` Power Days (.pdf)
From: Riedon, Inc.Description: Perhaps your early electronics experience was with communications equipment when vacuum tubes were king. Tubes had personality. They emitted a warm glow from their filaments and cherry-red anodes, and ...
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Understanding Riedon Resistors & Temperature Dependence (.pdf)
From: Riedon, Inc.Description: The absolute ohmic value of a resistor is temperature-dependent.In today's modern fields of measurement and electronics, particularly in such industries as heating and ventilation(HVAC), medical ...
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Baluns Shrink To Tiny 0404 Footprint (.pdf)
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: Consumer and commercial electronic designs call for the smallest possible components to save space and power. Balanced-unbalanced transformers or baluns have traditionally been based on transmission ...
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Measurements Techniques for Baluns (.pdf)
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: A balun consists of an "unbalanced" port and two "balanced ports". The balun is a passive and reversible device. Therefore the "unbalanced" port can be used as either an input or an output; likewise ...
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Multilayer Baluns Break Wire-Wound Size Barrier (.pdf)
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: These new baluns not only do away with the ferrite core and size of wire-wound components, they also shave the manufacturing, design, and performance trade-offs associated with traditional ...
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Using Anaren's BD0205F5050A00 Balun with Analog Devices, Inc. AD9445 and AD9446 High Speed Data Converters (.pdf)
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: This application note helps explain the use of Anaren's multilayer BD0205F5050A00 balun, in conjunction with either the Analog Devices AD9445 or AD9446 14bit / 16bit high speed data converters, This ...
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Using Multilayer Baluns to Improve ADC Performance (.pdf)
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: This application note explains the use of Anaren's multilayer balun (BD0205F5050AHF) in conjunction with Analog Devices AD9640 integrated dual 14-bit, 80/105/125/150 MSPS analog to digital converter. ...
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The Impact of Tier 4 Emission Regulations on the Power Generation Industry (.pdf)
From: Cummins Power GenerationDescription: In the U.S., diesel engine emissions have been regulated for almost forty years. For most of that time, the regulations governed primarily on-highway engines in trucks and buses, but in 1998 nonroad ...
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Selectivity Analysis in Low Voltage Power Distribution Systems with Fuses & Circuit Breakers
From: MersenDescription: Interest in complete overcurrent device selectivity has increased due to the addition of selectivity requirements to articles 700, 701, and 708 of the National Electrical Code (NFPA70). Many users, ...
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The Effect of Stress on the Initial Permeability of Ferrite Cores (.pdf)
From: Datatronics™Description: The purpose of this paper is to discuss in particular the effects on Initial Permeability (?i), thus inductance, which are a result of the various construction techniques and environmental conditions ...
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Case Study: Inrush Current In Transformers
From: Ametherm, Inc.Description: Suppose we have a 2.0KVA transformer with the following specifications: Peak Inrush Current occurs in one cycle = 564 Amps as measured on the scope. Practical Max Inrush Current occurs in 5 cycles = ...
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Special Thermistors Limit Inrush Current
From: Ametherm, Inc.Description: High inrush current can be produced when equipment is turned on. If steps are not taken to minimize this inrush current, it can damage power devices and reduce equipment life. A safe and cost ...
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A Resistance Primer
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Current is the flow of electrons through a circuit. It is the principle quantity because it does work, and accomplishes the desired results. We measure current in Amperes. (See "UNITS") Voltage is the ...
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Current Sense Resistors
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Sudden current or voltage changes are often hazardous to electronic products. For example, transients or surges that reach microprocessor or memory components can destroy those expensive parts, and ...
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RTD Basics
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Riedon has manufactured high-precision wirewound resistors for OEM industries since 1960. These precision resistors have tolerances as small as 0.005%. They are extremely stable over time, and operate ...
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The Good Old Power Resistors
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Perhaps your early electronics experience was with communications equipment when vacuum tubes were king. Tubes had personality. They emitted a warm glow from their filaments and cherry-red anodes, and ...
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Using Power Resistors as Heaters
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Power resistors and resistance heaters share many common design considerations. In both products, good thermal design ensures low thermal resistance between the element and the exterior environment. ...
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Wirewound VS. Film Resistors
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Wirewound resistors have been around for a long time. They enjoy a long life because they have some very important features not duplicated by new technology products. If you must optimize circuit ...
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Caution!! Preserve Some Space Surrounding the Converter!
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: Don't place another electrical component against the DC-DC converter. ...
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Placing Additional Capacitors at Input and Output?
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: It is recommended to use high grade Electrolytic capacitor with low E.S.R or Tantalum capacitors together with a small capacitance Multi-layer Ceramic Capacitor paralleled - which ca provide good ...
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What is the Advantage of MOTIEN's Metal Case Stand-Off?
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: Such unique design in metal cased DC-DC converter can actually help convect the heat generated from bottom of converter and bring a good heat sinking effect! ...
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What is the Soldering Profile for Lead Free Solder?
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: MOTIEN's converter is suitable for the PCB mountable operation and not suitable for Reflow / Vapor phase soldering like SMD products, the recommend is wave flow soldering. ...
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Why My VA-2405S1's Output Voltage Goes Under 4.7Vdc at 65mA?
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: In unregulated DC-DC converter like our VA-2405S1 the output noltage will be affected by input voltage and output loading. ...
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A New Solution for Harmonics Generated by Variable Speed Drives (.pdf)
Description: The need for harmonic mitigating devices is growing because of the rapid increase in variable speed drive (VSD) usage in industrial and commercial applications and the corresponding growth in ...
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CNCE and NCE Installation at Broadcasting Studio (.pdf)
Description: Concerned about video noise detected on some of its studio equipment, E! Entertainment Television (ETV), commissioned a study to determine if this noise was power quality related. The primary purpose ...
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Harmonic Mitigation Transformer Performance Report (.pdf)
Description: A power system survey involving harmonics, loading and infrared measurements was performed at the E! Entertainment Television (ETV) studios in Los Angeles, California. The primary purpose of this ...
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MIRUS Neutral Current Eliminator Performance Report (.pdf)
Description: On Oct. 3, 2001 a 400 amp Neutral Current Eliminator™ (NCE™) was put into service at the Comcast Cable facility in Union, New Jersey. The NCE™ is a triplen harmonic filter and had ...
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Analog Switch Guide (.pdf)
Description: >TI's analog switches are designed to pass (or isolate) analog signals (both voltage and current) and support analog applications such as audio and video data transmission. TI analog switches are ...
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Differential Passive Signal Switch (.pdf)
Description: This application report describes the components that make up the system applications, including both the transmitter and receiver sides. ...
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Preventing Excess Current Consumption on Analog Switchers (.pdf)
Description: This application report explains the cause of the excess current consumption and describes solutions to address it effectively. ...
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Resistors for Current Sensing (.doc)
From: Riedon, Inc.Description: Current sensing is used in many applications. From microamperes to thousands of amperes, sensing is usually accomplished through two effects: voltage drop or the generation of magnetic fields. This ...
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Marking Wire and Cable in Aggressive Environments (.pdf)
Description: The system comprises marker carriers with holes at either end or as raised bridges for direct threading of steel cable ties, enabling rapid fitting. Single-character markers are threaded and combined ...
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PA Wire Marking for Single Character Marking (.pdf)
Description: Closed combination marker. Unique bellow design enables wide diameter range and permanent grip. A chevron cut prevents twisting between adjacent sleeves. The hot stamp print gives excellent ...
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An Introduction to SmartGrid (.pdf)
From: Cummins Power GenerationDescription: There has recently been a lot of talk in the media and debate by government officials about the "Smart Grid". The 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) allocates billions of dollars in ...
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Application of Lean-Burn Gas Generator Sets in Standby Service (.pdf)
From: Cummins Power GenerationDescription: Standby generator sets have been traditionally diesel engine driven and in limited cases stoichiometric (rich burn) natural gas or propane. These are popular choices because they provide a high level ...
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Understanding Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
From: Riedon, Inc.Description: A resistor's Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) tells how much its value changes as its temperature changes. It is usually expressed in ppm/°C (parts per million per degree Centigrade) units. ...
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Using Power Resistors as Heaters
From: Riedon, Inc.Description: Power resistors and resistance heaters share many common design considerations. In both products, good thermal design ensures low thermal resistance between the element and the exterior environment. ...
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Hazard Monitoring Equipment Selection, Installation and Maintenance (.pdf)
From: 4B Components, Ltd.Description: When selecting hazard monitoring equipment for bucket elevators and belt conveyors, there is a myriad of choices available. However, before you decide on the specific type of sensor and control you ...
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Monitoring Equipment: Specifying the Right Equipment, Installing and Maintaining it (.pdf)
From: 4B Components, Ltd.Description: The ideal hazard monitoring equipment for a grain operation lasts indefinitely, works every time, and never gives you false alarms. It's possible to come close to that ideal by specifying the correct ...
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Why Choose Riedon (a Resistor Company) For Your Special RTD Requirements
From: Riedon, Inc.Description: Riedon has manufactured high-precision wirewound resistors for OEM industries since 1960. These precision resistors have tolerances as small as 0.005%. They are extremely stable over time, and operate ...
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Wirewound vs. Film Resistors for Precision Applications
From: Riedon, Inc.Description: Wirewound resistors have been around for a long time. They enjoy a long life because they have some very important features not duplicated by new technology products. If you must optimize circuit ...
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Agilent Technologies: Detecting Harmonics in AC Signals (.pdf)
Description: Ideally, the voltage and current (AC power) waveforms are perfect and pure sinusoidal. In real life, it is impossible because of there are too many electronic devices powered by switched-mode supply. ...
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Understanding Forced Air Cooling in Power Supplies (.pdf)
Description: By Gary Bocock, Technical Director, XP Power. All power supplies generate waste heat which has to be dissipated. The heating effect becomes greater as more components are squeezed into smaller spaces. ...
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Xtra-Guard Performance Cable (.ppt)
From: Alpha WireDescription: A presentation on the characteristics, applications, and regulations of Alpha Wire's line of Xtra-Guard Performance Cable. ...
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A Case For The Omission of Shunt Trips in STS (.pdf)
Description: Static transfer switch (STS) devices occupy a unique architectural location in mission critical infrastructure systems, in that their tolerance for failure is virtually zero. Generally located at the ...
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Analysis and Opinion on the Operation of Switch Mode Power Supplies under Switched Voltage Phase Conditions (.pdf)
Description: This note presents an opinion related to the operation of switch mode power supplies (SMPS) as loads in data center power architectures where their input voltage may be subject to instantaneous phase ...
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Circuit Breaker Selective Trip Coordination in 225A and 400A Distribution Panelboards (.pdf)
Description: With the increase of transformer size in the data center, much higher levels of available fault current are being seen. The use of "zero-crossing" circuit breakers to handle these faults, often in the ...
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Double Your Power at the Rack ...by Eliminating Inrush for Out-of-Phase Transfers (.pdf)
Description: The focus of recent data center conferences has been on trying to remove additional heat being produced in computer rooms. The introduction of blade servers has not only increased the amount of heat ...
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On the Inability to Truly Detect Open SCRs on the Inactive Side of Static Transfer Switches (.pdf)
Description: An open SCR condition on the inactive side of a static transfer switch cannot be detected. When a switch is in an off position it is impossible to predict that the switch will conduct current through ...
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A Comparison of the Measured Magnetic Field Strength Using Ampere-Turns (AT) and milliTesla (mT) (.pdf)
Description: With the advent of the Reed Switch, developed by Bell Labs in the 1940s, it was convenient to measure its operate characteristics using the units of ampere turns. Since the Reed Switch is cylindrical ...
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Advanced B2B® SMT Connectors Help Imaging Equipment Manufacturer Improve Reliability and Meet RoHS Requirements (.pdf)
Description: A major electronics imaging equipment manufacturer was ready to begin production of a next generation, airborne digital sensor used to capture data from high altitude to create detailed, image-based ...
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Application Note: Reed Relays Capable of Switching Low Micro-Volts Signals (.pdf)
Description: As electronic components continue their downward size spiral, their capabilities are ever increasing. Accompanying this, chip line widths are narrower than ever giving rise to unwanted small voltage ...
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Application Note: Switching Solutions Requiring Little or No Power to Operate Using Reed Sensor/Relay Technology (.pdf)
Description: Power consumption in today's electronic market is a concern with the dramatic increase in the use of portable electronic gadgetry. Power hungry components are rapidly being designed out in favor of ...
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BGA Socket Adapter System Provides Reliable Test Equipment Connection for Engine Performance Analysis (.pdf)
Description: A major electronics test equipment manufacturer developed a new engine control unit test board to calibrate embedded semiconductor automotive engine control devices. These automotive engine control ...
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Custom Six-Position Peel-A-Way® Terminal Carriers Reduce Board Assembly Time and Costs (.pdf)
Description: In a military electronics application for a gyroscopically controlled course correction system, the manufacturer's printed circuit board design required a three-branch flex circuit with six pins at ...
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Reed Sensors vs. Hall Effect Sensors (.pdf)
Description: Since their introduction several years ago, the Hall effect sensor has captured the imagination of design engineers. Generally, it was thought that if it's in solid state that it's a more reliable ...
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Socket-Adapter Systems: A Practical Test Alternative (.pdf)
Description: Traditional one-piece, clam¬shell-design test sockets are useful diagnostic tools for establishing or evaluating device functionality. However, they tend to be less satisfactory for validating ...
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Techncial Paper: Reed Switch Test Coils (.pdf)
Description: All of our Reed Switches are 100 % tested in our Standard Test Coils and measured in ampere-turns (AT). Simply stated, we have coils wound in a specific coil form, with a given number of turns. We ...
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Technical Information for Handling Permanent Magnets (.pdf)
Description: This document contains precautions for handling and packaging Permanent Magnets. ...
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Technical Information for Handling Reed Relays (.pdf)
Description: Precautions for handling and packaging Reed Relays. ...
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Technical Information for Handling Reed Switches (.pdf)
Description: This document contains precautions for handling and packaging Reed Switches. ...
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Technical Paper: Basic Electrical Parameters of Reed Switch Products (.pdf)
Description: This article offers a description of some of the basic Reed Switch electrical parameters and key terms. ...
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Technical Paper: Handling and Load Precautions when using Reed Switches in various Sensor and Relay Applications (.pdf)
Description: Many users of Reed Switches for sensor and reed relay applications try to make the sensors and or relays themselves internally. Often however, they do not observe some basic precautions and preventive ...
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Technical Paper: How Reed Switches are used with a Permanent Magnet (.pdf)
Description: Using Reed Switches in a sensing environment, one generally uses a magnet for actuation. It is important to understand this interaction clearly for proper sensor functioning. Sensors may operate in a ...
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Technical Paper: Life Requirements of a Reed Switch (.pdf)
Description: The life of a Reed Switch can vary widely depending on the exact switching circumstances. Over the years, many improvements have been made to the Reed Switch, which have played a major role in ...
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Technical Paper: Load Switching and Contact Protection (.pdf)
Description: The Reed Switch contact rating is dependent on the switch size, gap size or ampere turn rating, contact material and atmosphere within the glass capsule. To receive the maximum life for a given load ...
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Technical Paper: Magnetization (.pdf)
Description: This document contains a table showing magnetization for various applications and arrangements. ...
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Technical Paper: Magnets and their Specifications (.pdf)
Description: Magnets are available in multiple specifications on the market. Almost all dimensions and geometries can be realised. To activate the reed switch a magnet (magnet field) is needed. The different ...
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Technical Paper: Reed Switch and Reed Sensor Applications (.pdf)
Description: Reading the previous sections on the Reed Switch basics, key parameters, and operational characteristics before delving into this section will give one a better background and more insight into ...
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Technical Paper: Reed Switch in Comparison with Mechanical Switch (.pdf)
Description: A comparison chart by specification. ...
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Technical Paper: Reed Switch Operational Characteristics (.pdf)
Description: The Reed Switch was first invented by Bell Labs in the late 1930s. However, it was not until the 1940s when it began to find application widely as a sensor and a Reed Relay. Here it was used in an ...
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The Reed Switch used as a Reed Relay (.pdf)
Description: In a Reed Relay, the Reed Switch uses an electromagnetic coil for activation and is shown in its simplest form in Figure # 1. Reed Relays require relatively little power to operate and are generally ...
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Heat-Shrink Tubing: The Versatile Tools for Maintenance and Repair (.pdf)
From: Alpha WireDescription: Think of heat-shrink tubing as the duct tape for electrical wiring on the factory floor. Heat-shrink tubing is versatile, easy to use, and finds wide applicability in maintenance and repair. ...
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Understanding Shielded Cable
From: Alpha WireDescription: Industrial applications such as the factory floor are typically electrically noisy environments. Electrical noise, either radiated or conducted as electromagnetic interference (EMI), can seriously ...
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Compact Filtering for High Current & High Frequency Applications (.pdf)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: In today's world of increasing electrical noise, higher speed logic, and more sensitive circuits the need for high frequency noise filtering is especially critical. Noise can enter a circuit through ...
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Optimized Lightning Protection for Higher Frequencies (.pdf)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: FREQUENCIES ABOVE 4.5 GHZ are being used more often for a wide range of outdoor communications. These uses include critical infrastructure applications where long lifetime and high availability ...
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Selecting Coaxial Lightning Protectors (.pdf)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: Coaxial cables are often used for high-frequency signal transmission in applications where there is a risk of lightning energy and damage. This article touches on the most important parameters for the ...
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Using Commercial Lightning Protectors in Defense Applications (.pdf)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: Commercial lightning protectors can protect wireless communications systems for defense and homeland security systems against damaging lightning energy. ...
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Active State Power Management (.pdf)
From: Teledyne LeCroyDescription: With the increasing cost of energy and awareness of environmental considerations, power saving is becoming more and more critical. Power saving has always been critical for mobile devices, but now ...
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A 4-20 mA Signal Goes The Distance
Description: A 4-20 mA control signal is one of the signals of choice in the Building Automation industry as well as in the Industrial Process arena. Most of the various transmitters and output devices available ...
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Control Voltage Transformer Selection Guide (.pdf)
Description: To make the proper transformer selection, the load must be completely analyzed. Every electrically energized component in the control circuit must be considered. Electromagnetic control devices have ...