Furnaces (industrial) Specifications

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Specifications

	Process Temperature		Maximum temperature at which the unit may operate and still maintain rated performances.
	Search Logic:		User may specify either, both, or neither of the limits in a "From - To" range; when both are specified, matching products will cover entire range. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria.
	Height		The internal height dimension of the unit.
	Search Logic:		User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria.
	Width / Tube O.D.		The internal width dimension of the unit, or for tube furnaces, the outer diameter of the tube.
	Search Logic:		User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria.
	Length (Chamber / Tube)		The length dimension of the unit, or on tube furnaces, the heated length.
	Search Logic:		User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria.
	Pressure Range		The pressure range through which the unit can operate.
	Search Logic:		User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria.

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Configuration

	Configuration
	Your choices are...
	Ashing		Ashing is also referred to as charring; this is the step in a graphite furnace AA program that is designed to remove matrix constituents that might interfere with the measurement of the analyte. Ashing temperatures vary from 200º to 1800° C, depending on the matrix and analyte element.
	Box		Box furnaces are convenient furnaces to use. As the name implies, the furnace has a box shape and a box-shaped interior. The interior dimensions (10 to 50 cm per side) are much larger than a tube furnace, but the unit is often compact enough to sit on a benchtop. A door on the side permits quick and easy access to the interior. Several examples of box furnaces and their controllers are shown below.
	Bottom Loading		Bottom loading furnaces load the sample or product to be treated through the bottom of the chamber via a platform elevator.
	Top Loading		The product to be processed is loaded from the top.
	Tube		A tube furnace is designed to heat a tube that is usually 50 to 100 cm in length and from 25 to 100 mm in diameter. Samples are placed inside the tube in ceramic or metal boats using a long push rod. The tube is surrounded by heating elements, which may also incorporate a thermocouple (a thermocouple can also be inserted down the tube if desired).
	Bench / Cabinet		Cabinet or bench furnaces describe small batch equipment typically mounted on integral stands. Batch furnaces and ovens are typically suited for processing quantities of product in a single batch.
	Belt		A furnace that has a continuous belt, carrying the unprocessed substrates through the furnace.
	Continuous / Conveying		In general, conveyor units tend to be oriented toward automated production of greater quantities of small-to-medium-sized product. The type of conveyance system used depends on the product line, volume of work to be produced, and temperature to be obtained.
	Pusher		A type of continuous furnace in which parts to be heated are periodically charged into the furnace in containers, which are pushed along the hearth against a line of previously charged containers thus advancing the containers toward the discharge end of the furnace, where they are used.
	Walk-in / Truck-in		Walk-in or truck-in furnaces describe larger size batch equipment, typically with double doors and integral carts, shelves, etc. Batch furnaces are typically suited for processing larger quantities of product in a single batch.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary configuration.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.

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Atmosphere & Control

	Atmosphere
	Your choices are...
	Air / Oxidizing		Furnace or thermal processing system employing an air or oxidizing atmosphere.
	Inert		Furnace or thermal processing system employing an inert gas such as argon as an atmosphere or shielding blanket.
	Reducing		Furnace or thermal processing system employing a reducing gas such as hydrogen as an atmosphere.
	Salt Bath		Furnace or thermal processing system using a molten salt bath to maintain a consistent thermal profile for heat treatment, deposition of coatings or surface cleaning.
	Vacuum		Normally when the word vacuum is used it refers to any absolute pressure below that of normal atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is defined as 14.6 psia or 760 torr, any pressure less than this is considered a vacuum. In a vacuum furnace, the heat-treating process takes place inside a vessel that is airtight. This allows a vacuum to be drawn inside the vessel. The entire heat-treating process can take place under vacuum or precisely controlled atmospheres can be introduced. Heat treating under vacuum can: prevent surface reactions, such as oxidation or decarburization; remove surface contaminants such as oxide films and residual traces of lubricants; add a substance to the surface layers of the work; remove dissolved contaminating substances from metals by means of degassing.
	Other		Other unlisted or specialized atmosphere type.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.
	Controller Type:		Ovens may have either a single set point or a programmable controller to adjust temperature and temperature stability.
	Your choices are...
	Single Set Point		Furnace has a specific temperature point to reach upon activation.
	Programmable		Furnace may be programmed to reach different temperatures at different time intervals.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.
	Heat Source / Transfer:
	Your choices are...
	Arc		An arc between graphite electrodes and the metal generates heat. Both carbon and alloy steels are produced in electric arc furnaces and scrap rather than molten metal is used as the base material.
	Combustion		Furnaces using heat generated by combustion of gas, oil, biomass, waste products or other fuels.  The combusted gas may heat the material being processed directly or indirectly.
	Electric / Resistance		Furnace heat source is powered by electricity - typically utilizing existing factory voltages.
	Indirect / Contact / Conduction		Walls, tubes, jackets or discs are heated by steam, gas, thermal oil, or hot air. These heated elements transfer their heat to materials that come in contact with them via conduction.
	Induction		A widely used process for the surface hardening of steel. The components are heated by means of an alternating magnetic field to a temperature within or above the transformation range followed by immediate quenching. The core of the component remains unaffected by the treatment and its physical properties are those of the bar from which it was machined, whilst the hardness of the case can be within the range 37/58 Rc. Carbon and alloy steels with carbon content in the range 0.40/0.45% are most suitable for this process.
	Infrared / Radiant		Furnaces using radiant heat generated by electric or gas fired infrared heaters.  Radiant heat units are useful for processing surfaces, flat products or web materials where clear line of sight can be provided.
	Natural Gas		Furnace heat source is powered via natural gas.
	Propane		Propane, sometimes indicated as liquefied petroleum (LP), is a catchall term for propane, butane, and mixtures of the two. It also includes propylene and butylene, which are sometimes included in blends, mostly outside the United States and Canada. In North America, propane is the most likely to be available in industrial quantities. Nearly any natural gas burner will operate on propane with little or no sacrifice in performance.
	Oil		Furnace heat source is powered by oil heaters.
	Other Fuel		Fuel other than natural gas, oil and propane used in combustion units.
	RF / Microwave / Dielectric		In a radio frequency drying system an RF generator creates an alternating electric field between two electrodes. The material to be processed is conveyed or placed between the electrodes where the alternating energy causes polar molecules in the material to continuously reorient them to face opposite poles, much like the way bar magnets behave in an alternating magnetic field. The friction resulting from molecular movement causes the material to rapidly heat throughout its entire mass.  Areas in the material with greater moisture content heat up and dry faster.
	Steam		Furnace heat source is steam, typically tapping off existing factory steam lines.
	Other		Other unlisted or proprietary heat source.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.

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General Features

	Application:
	Your choices are...
	Aging		Describes a time-temperature-dependent change in the properties of certain alloys.
	Annealing		Process annealing is used to treat work-hardened parts made out of low-carbon steels (< 0.25% carbon). This allows the parts to be soft enough to undergo further cold working without fracturing.
	Baking		Heating to a low temperature in order to remove entrained gases.
	Brazing / Soldering		Brazing is a method of joining metal parts together by fusing a layer of brass between the adjoining surfaces. A red heat is necessary and a flux is used to protect the metal from oxidation.
	Burn-off		Removing cured paint, epoxies, and plastics from metal parts and other materials.
	Curing		Using temperature to alter heated media by chemical or physical processing changes.
	Drying		Uses temperature to remove moisture from object within oven / furnace.
	Firing / Sintering		The bonding of adjacent surfaces of particles in a mass of powder or a compact by heating. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization.
	Foundry / Melting		Foundry furnaces are used for metal melting applications for jewelry manufacturing, mining, and die casting operations, production aluminum foundries, and fine arts studios. They typically have a tilting mechanism, which can be manually operated (e.g., handwheel) or powered (e.g., hydraulic tilt).
	Heat Treating		A combination of heating and cooling operations applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition.  Common processes include tempering, carburizing, and hardening.
	Hot Pressing		A method used to densify a material, whereby heat and pressure are applied simultaneously, and the pressure is typically applied unidirectionally via rigid tooling.
	Laboratory		Laboratory furnaces are used in a variety of thermal processing applications including general lab work, component and stability testing, core hardening, drying glassware, and sterilizing.
	Preheating		Heating to an appropriate temperature immediately prior to austenitizing when hardening high hardenability constructional steels, many of the tool steels, and heavy sections.
	Quenching		Furnaces used for rapid cooling of heated media, quenching furnaces are typically identified by the more specific technology utilized: direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, internal quenching, selective quenching, slack quenching, spray quenching, and time quenching.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary applications.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.
	Over-Temperature Protection?		The furnace comes with controls to provide over temperature protection for the furnace and product against temperatures exceeding specified values.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.
	Three Zone / Multi-Zone		A three zone or multi-zone furnace has the ability to ramp up to a specified temperature and maintain that temperature for a set time and then ramp up to a secondary higher temperature and maintain that temperature for a set time.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.
	Computer Interface?		The furnace is equipped with a computer interface for programming and control.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.
	Application Software?		The furnace comes with application software for control and programming.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.
	View Ports?		The furnace has view ports to facilitate viewing of the products under test.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.
	Service / Entry Holes?		The furnace has entry holes to allow for easy access to service the interior of the unit.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.

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