Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 2301 - 2400 of 3205
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Electronic Equipment Failures: Cause, Effect and Resolution
From: VortecDescription: High temperatures cause over 50% of electronic equipment failures, according to a study by the US Air Force Avionics Integrity Program. ...
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Reliable Protection of Electronics in Ordinary and Hazardous Locations
From: VortecDescription: Because many industries, including manufacturing, food, chemical, water and wastewater processing, oil refining and petrochemical processing and others, have become more dependent on sophisticated ...
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Auxiliary Coil Excitation (PMG-I)
Description: Cat® generator sets assembled at the Caterpillar facility in Piracicaba, Brazil, known as Power Systems Brazil (PSB), use alternators that feature an auxiliary coil (or auxiliary winding) and ...
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The Most Advanced Hearables in the World Use Rechargeable Silver-Zinc Battery Technology
Description: According to a study by Research and Markets, the hearables market, a wearables sub-segment that includes hearing aids, personal sound amplifiers (PSAPs) and earbuds/headphones, had an estimated value ...
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EMI Filters for Industrial 277 V Single-Phase Applications Including LED Lighting
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: Three-phase power can be drawn by either the Delta configuration or the Wye configuration. In the Delta configuration, two of the power wires are combined to create a circuit that looks like an ...
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The Many Benefits of SCR Power Control
Description: In today's competitive, cost-conscious industrial landscape, semiconductor and general manufacturing industries need a reliable, flexible, and precise way to control electric-heating processes. These ...
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Five Challenges Engineers Face in Power Supply Design
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Electronic system designers, engineers, program managers and OEMs must address numerous challenges in the selection or development of an appropriate power supply for their systems. Customization is ...
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How One Small Company Has Powered the World Behind-the-Scenes for 60 Years
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Sometimes it is the smaller companies that do the most behind the scenes. In every industry, in every market, there is one thing that will always be needed-a source of power. Whether it be for audio ...
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Simplifying Power Supply Design with a 15A, 42V Power Module
Description: The DC/DC buck converter is one of the most popular and widely used power supply topologies, finding applications in industrial, servers, telecom, and automotive sectors. The non-isolated buck ...
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Design Guide for Battery Compartments & Holders
Description: Memory Protection Devices, Inc. (MPD) New for 2017, a designer's guide for battery compartments. Design considerations for holders, battery hardware, contacts, materials & platings. Reviews of ERC ...
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Device Fuse Selection Guide
Description: This article demonstrates how to select a main fuse for a system that has two or more power supplies installed. It also provides insight to discern the implication of the inrush current peak-time ...
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Electrical Conduit Corrosion
Description: When maintaining or designing electrical systems, one must consider the possibility that corrosion will occur and cause irreparable damage to the electrical equipment. Electrical devices are sometimes ...
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Surge Protection Solutions for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
From: MCG SURGE PROTECTIONDescription: Electric Cars are inherently more reliable than the gasoline ones that they are replacing. So, anyone who purchases one of these vehicles can reasonably expect years of trouble-free transportation. ...
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How to choose the right potentiometer for reliable sensing
From: Hoffmann + Krippner Inc.Description: Sensing potentiometers are often used in the design & development of solutions for industrial automation, medical equipment and devices, automotive R&D, forklifts, industrial doors, high end kitchen ...
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The Nuts and Bolts of Low Smoke Zero Halogen Cabling
Description: A number of high-profile fires over the past several decades have served to alert just how dangerous plastics can be when burned. In the King's Cross fire in the late 1980s, for example, 32 people ...
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Using a Passive Sinewave Filter to Eliminate Common Mode and Differential Mode
From: MTE CorporationDescription: An integrated output filter that eliminates motor problems due to the PWM waveforms in both common mode and differential mode operation is proposed. The filter includes a three phase inductor ...
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Endoscopic Laser Scalpel for Head and Neck Cancer Surgery
Description: Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques, such as laparoscopic surgery and endoscopy, provide reliable disease control with reduced impact on the function of the diseased organ. Surgical lasers ...
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Types of Conductors
Description: Many materials are used to transmit electrical energy, but those most frequently specified for types of conductors are copper, copper-covered steel, high strength copper alloys, and aluminum. For more ...
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Earth Ground Measurements
From: Smiths PowerDescription: Any properly applied lightning protection device is only as effective as the ground system attached to it! Ground resistance (impedance) is usually measured using the 3-stake fall of potential method. ...
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Protecting Equipment from NEMP Damage
From: Smiths PowerDescription: The sudden release of gamma rays (high energy rays) in a nuclear explosion will cause almost instant ionization (the removal of electrons from atoms) of the atmospheric gases that surround the ...
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OSHA and NFPA 70 Safer by Design
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: As CEO and Founder of IRISS, Inc., I am often asked how and why I designed our product line the way I did. As is common with such product development processes, there was no single epiphany which ...
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Polycarbonate Enclosures for WiFi Applications
From: Integra Enclosures, Inc.Description: Integra polycarbonate enclosures are known for their durability in outdoor applications. Offering a minimum NEMA 4X on all models and 6P rating on most, Integra enclosures will survive the toughest ...
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Select the Thermal Protection Your Design Deserves
From: Thermik CorporationDescription: An important aspect of selecting thermal protection in your design is defining and communicating where you want to end up. ...
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Slip Ring Fundamentals
Description: Over fifty years ago, we started as designer and supplier of aircraft and missile components. Today, our motion control technology enhances performance in a variety of markets and applications, from ...
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Slip Rings FAQ's
Description: Over fifty years ago, we started as designer and supplier of aircraft and missile components. Today, our motion control technology enhances performance in a variety of markets and applications, from ...
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Accelerometer Cable Connector Repair
From: EndevcoDescription: I have a 10-32 coaxial cable connector that is damaged and unusable. Is there a connector replacement option? ...
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NASA Research Helps Take Silver-Zinc Batteries from Idea to the Shelf
Description: We often imagine that inventions are born whole: a eureka moment that changes history. But that's rarely how it happens. One technology that exemplifies the long, hard slog of creation is the ...
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The Looming Problem of Battery Waste in Wearables and How to Solve
Description: According to the Environmental Protection Agency, Americans buy approximately three billion dry-cell batteries each year to power common household devices, including radios, toys, phones and ...
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Twisted Pair Cable Assembly Connector Replacement
From: EndevcoDescription: Do you have connector assembly instructions for the 6917B cable with the replacement connector, 26574? ...
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Benefits of Using Litz Wire
Description: Litz wire consists of a number of individually insulated magnet wires twisted or braided into a uniform pattern with the primary benefit of reducing AC losses in high frequency windings. ...
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Litz Wire Theory
Description: Typically, the design engineer requiring the use of Litz wire knows the operating frequency and RMS current required for the application. Since the primary benefit of a Litz wire conductor is the ...
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How Safe Are Lithium Ion Batteries? What Alternatives Exist?
Description: Because of lithium's enormous capacity as an energy source, it has been the focus of much of the rechargeable battery industry's time and attention. This effort has led to the development of the ...
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PVC-Free Conduit Jackets Limit Combustion Products
From: Electri-Flex CompanyDescription: Analysis on the benefits of low-smoke, halogen-free (LSZH) conduits, applications and conduit offerings. ...
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Specifying Flexible Conduit with Extreme Temperatures in Mind
From: Electri-Flex CompanyDescription: Selecting and specifying in flexible electrical conduits for high and low temperature applications. ...
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Connecting Commercial White Goods to the IoT Underscores the Need for EMI Filtering
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: The commercial kitchen and laundry have become new frontiers for technological advance. The Internet of Things (IoT) has applications for refrigeration, cooking appliances, washers, dryers and many ...
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Permanent Magnets Materials
Description: Understanding permanent magnets / rare earth magnets and how their application can play into the innovative devices of today's markets is the foundation of our business. At Dexter, our long history of ...
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Airflow Considerations in Packaging Electronics for Challenging Environments
Description: When operating in warm climates, thermal management calculations are critical to avoid premature aging of critical components. ...
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Lithium Batteries Can Power Wireless Devices For 40 Years
Description: There are many application areas where the design engineer would like to have, or truly must have, a system that needs no servicing at all for many, many months, or many, many years. Remote sensors of ...
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7 Considerations When Selecting a Totalizer
Description: A totalizer is a counter that sums the total number of cycles applied to its input. Many applications require only additive counting, but we also offer electronic totalizers with bidirectional (add ...
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Talk Talk Invests in Electrical Failure Prevention and Personnel Safety
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: The telecommunications company, the TalkTalk Group, has appreciated the value of thermal imaging for many years. The technology is used to detect electrical faults that could disrupt its network ...
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About Dipoles, Halbach, & Stelter Arrays
Description: Dipoles consist of a pair of magnets across a gap. They come in many shapes/sizes and the magnets are usually mounted on a steel frame (also called a yoke) for magnetic efficiency, magnetic shielding ...
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About Magnetic Couplings
Description: At Dexter we are the magnet industry's leading provider of custom magnetic couplings. We offer three types of couplings: synchronous, eddy, and hysteresis. ...
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About Magnetic Sensors and Encoders
Description: Magnetic sensors indirectly measure properties such as direction, position, rotation, angle and current by detecting the magnetic field and its changes. Compared to other direct methods, such as ...
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Arc Flash Hazard Analysis
From: MersenDescription: OSHA's 29 CFR Part 1910.132(d) states: The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective ...
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Eliminating Losses Caused by Lightning
From: Sankosha U.S.A., Inc.Description: It is both unwise and expensive to underestimate lightning. A single bolt of lightning can pack up to 100 million volts of electricity, which is why lightning protection systems (LPSs) are so ...
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Georgia Paper Mill Grows RCM Program with Savings Developed from IR Window Program
From: IRISS, Inc.Description: A paper mill in Georgia had run a very successful infrared inspection program for a number of years via a local contract thermographers working with the mill's in-house electricians. Although the ...
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Understanding Permanent Magnets / Rare Earth Magnets
Description: Understanding permanent magnets / rare earth magnets and how their application can play into the innovative devices of today's markets is the foundation of our business. Dexter's long history of ...
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White Paper: The Need for Cable Pull Safety Switches
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Safety is considered as the top priority in the manufacturing and distribution facilities all over the world. Safety measures not only provide a safe and healthy environment for the millions of ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Magnetization Patterns
Description: What are the possible magnetization patterns for magnets? ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Magnets for Sensors
Description: "How do I convert an Amp-Turn rating to Gauss?" and other questions. ...
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PLTC-ER Communication Cable -What It Is and Why You Want It
Description: Designing cabling solutions for industrial applications presents a myriad of challenges. The industrial environment is unforgiving. Handling is rough, exposure to harsh chemicals and solvents degrade ...
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Researchers Receive Funding To Turn Waste Into Power Source For Space Missions
Description: NASA's long-term, manned space missions are challenged by waste-treatment and power requirements and need an extreme biological system to turn solid waste into a power source. What used to be ...
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LTG Tangential Fans
From: LTG IncorporatedDescription: Tangential fans, also referred to as cross-flow fans (CFF), or cross-flow blowers, offer a uniform laminar flow pattern without the use of baffles or vanes. Extended linear air flow is exhausted ...
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32 Tips to Consider Before Purchasing an Electrical Enclosure Air Conditioner
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: Although the selection of an air conditioner for cooling an electrical enclosure may appear to be a relatively simple task, there are a number of criteria that need to be considered to ensure a good ...
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Wire & Cable Glossary
From: Cooner Wire CompanyDescription: Alternating Current - Electrical current that periodically and regularly reverses its direction. The frequency of the Change in flow is expressed in cycles per second (Hertz or Hz) Ampere - A ...
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Protecting Electronic Equipment from EMI
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: As electronic devices become more commonly used, there is an accompanying risk that some of this equipment will create electromagnetic interference (EMI), which can be thought of as noise or ...
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How Technology can Help Manufacturing to Become Sustainable
From: Essentra ComponentsDescription: Proper management of your cables in active and static environments is essential. Cable failures or malfunctions are often the cause of machine downtime, which can have a direct effect on productivity ...
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A Comparison Of Surface Mount Aluminum and Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Tantalum capacitors have seen unprecedented growth that has left the availability of these capacitors so scarce that engineers have been forced to redesign their circuit boards using alternative ...
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Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Safety Vents
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Circuit board traces and wires are not to be located over the safety vents of aluminum electrolytics capacitors. In the event the safety is activated, hot flammable gases can be expelled from the ...
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Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Sleeve Material
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: The sleeve on the capacitors is for identification purposes. It has no electrical or other functional characteristics. The marking sleeve material of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) has been the standard ...
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An Introduction To Selecting Film Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Todays' engineers are quite well versed about how to employ embedded processors, write code and even robotic technologies. However, when it comes to the selection and application of passive ...
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Application Guide for High Power Resonant Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: The following formula is to be used to determine what capacitance value is required. ...
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Battery Backup Alternative
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Supercapacitors voltage characteristics are of primary concern in this application. Supercapacitors have a capacitive and resistive component that directly affect the voltage charge/discharge rate of ...
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Capacitor Markings
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Component traceability: Aluminum electrolytic capacitors. ...
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Capacitor Markings Snap in Aluminum Electrolytics
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Capacitor markings. ...
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Cleaning Solvents
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: When cleaning circuit boards care should be taken to prevent the capacitor from being contaminated by the cleaning solvent. Halogenated cleaning solvent should not be used. These solvents can ...
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EMI/RFI Interference suppression
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: EMI/ RFI Interference suppression capacitors are used to filter out any noise or high voltage spikes that can cause damage to a circuit device. ...
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Failure Modes and their Causes
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Failure modes, mechanisms, and root causes. ...
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Film Capacitor Technical Information and Selector Guide
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Glossary of film capacitor technical specs. ...
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Handling of Aluminum Electrolytic
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Tantalum capacitors have seen unprecedented growth that has left the availability of these capacitors so scarce that engineers have been forced to redesign their circuit boards using alternative ...
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IGBT Snubbers
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Capacitors are needed in IGBT circuits to protect the module from damage from transient voltages. Decoupling the parasitic bus inductance with a low inductance capacitor mounted directly to the IGBT ...
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Impedance, Dissipation Factor and ESR
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Dissipation factor (tan d)or DF is defined as the ratio of the ESR and capacitive reactance. It is the Dissipation factor is also known as the tangent of the loss angle and is commonly expressed in ...
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Introduction to Film Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Film capacitors can be divided into three basic construction types: film/foil capacitors, metallized film capacitors, and mixed technology capacitors. ...
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Life Expectancy of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Aluminum electrolytic capacitors slowly degrade over time and once the capacitor has degraded beyond a specified amount, the capacitor is considered to have failed. Most capacitors are considered a ...
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Life Expectancy of Film Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Film capacitors reliability is determined in a similar manner as aluminum electrolytic capacitors with the exception that the applied voltage has an even greater effect on the reliability. ...
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Low ESR Capacitors: Fact or Fiction?
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: With the rapidly changing landscape in ICs and other semiconductors, it is easy to think of the supporting cast of electrolytic capacitors as a design constant. While many electrolytics look similar ...
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Polymer Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Aluminum polymer electrolytic capacitors are the latest evolutionary step in improving the properties of aluminum electrolytic capacitors to make them more like a film capacitor. ...
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Reliability of Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: MTBF (Mean time between failures) is the most commonly used reliability rating used today. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors do not failure in a manner where MTBF can be used accurately. Instead of ...
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Soldering of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: When soldering aluminum electrolytic capacitors with a soldering iron the exposure should be limited to 260°C for 10 seconds or 350°C for 3 seconds. ...
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Storage of Capacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Storing aluminum electrolytic capacitors at high temperatures or in direct sunlight will cause the electrolyte within the capacitor to evaporate through the rubber end seals. The loss of electrolyte ...
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Supercapacitors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Supercapacitors also called ultracapacitors and electric double layer capacitors (EDLC) are capacitors with capacitance values greater than any other capacitor type available today. Capacitance values ...
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Voltage Balancing Resistors
From: Illinois CapacitorDescription: Ideally when capacitors are placed in series the voltage across each capacitor should be distributed evenly across the capacitors. This does not always occur as intended due to the variations in the ...
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ABB Circuit-breakers For Direct Current Applications
From: ABB Inc.Description: Direct current, which was once the main means of distributing electric power, is still widespread today in the electrical plants supplying particular industrial applications. The advantages in terms ...
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Corona Detection Goes 21st Century High Tech
From: OFIL SystemsDescription: Ofil has released their latest, top-of-the-line, handheld, high-definition (HD) corona detection equipment, the DayCor® LuminarHD. ...
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Ten Steps to Lean Electrical Controls
From: ABB Inc.Description: Globalization is forcing companies to constantly become more efficient. To drive efficiencies, many companies are implementing Lean Manufacturing to stay competitive in this ever shrinking world. This ...
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The Devil is in the Details When Solving Panel Intermittency Issues
From: ABB Inc.Description: A panel buyer's or builder's worst nightmare is intermittent connectivity. These problems can be aggravating to resolve and costly in lost production. One of the simplest but most-important ways to ...
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White Paper: Reducing Cost of Solar with In-Line Fuses
From: Littelfuse, Inc.Description: How in-line fusing cuts installation time up to 40 percent and overall wiring costs by 35 percent. ...
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The ABCs of MCBs in Electrical Control Panels
From: ABB Inc.Description: Protecting circuits, electrical-control components, and loads is a central function of control panels. Unfortunately, identifying the appropriate protective devices is not a straightforward ...
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Understanding National Electric Code (NEC) tap rules How do they apply to circuit breaker terminals?
From: ABB Inc.Description: Circuit breakers are often used to supply current to more than one load. This separation of the circuits can occur directly from the load-side cable terminals of the circuit breaker. ...
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Application: Reed Relays for Isolation Measurement in E-Cars
Description: Hybrid and electric drivetrains in cars, trucks and two wheelers are introducing new, previously unknown challenges in the transportation industry. ...
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Application: Reed Relays for Photovoltaic Systems
Description: A photovoltaic system has to have excellent isolation. Without proper isolation, currents will flow off into the ground, which will not only cause a loss of power, but may also be very dangerous. ...
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Updating Data Centers
Description: A Fortune 500 company with an aging data center was experiencing challenges to the reliability of power in its facility. There was an obvious need for reliable emergency power... ...
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Case Study: Littelfuse Arc-Flash Relay Saves Plant from Catastrophic Damage
From: Littelfuse, Inc.Description: Learn how one customer narrowly avoided nearly $1 million in damages and months of downtime. ...
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Shielded Conduit Protects Against RFI/EMI - Three Kinds of Shielding Provide Maximum Choice
From: Electri-Flex CompanyDescription: Many applications require shielding effectiveness from RFI and EMI interference. ...
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Six Electrical Power Findings Identify Changes, Struggles
Description: "Survey identifies high-level findings impacting the electrical and power industries. The most important factors regarding selection of electrical or power systems are product quality, service ...
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Application Note: Solid Waste Handling and Disposal
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Every year, an estimated 1.3 billion tons of solid waste is generated around the world. The people, equipment and facilities that handle waste must be able to perform in harsh, temperature-varying ...
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Impacts of Shock and Vibration on a Limit Switch
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Industrial limit switches are very popular in sensing and control applications. Limit switches are used to detect presence or absence in areas where physical contact is allowed. Upon sensing an ...
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White Paper: The Need for a Well Equipped Safety Shower and Eye Wash Station
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Safety shower and eye wash stations act as a first aid station for emergency use when a person is exposed to harmful and corrosive materials or chemicals. Access to such equipment offers a chance to ...
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Hybrid Microgrids: The Time Is Now
Description: Microgrid that combine renewable energy with diesel or gas generator sets and energy storage capabilities can deliver clean, cost-effective electricity to remote locations with limited or no access to ...
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Frozen: The Way to Get a Perfect Silhouette
From: LEMO USA, Inc.Description: Specialized in medical aesthetics equipment, Deleo has developed an innovative system to permanently remove localized fatty tissues by a non-invasive technique consisting of cold crystallization. ...