TABLE OF CONTENTS | A i | cross-sectional area of chip before removal from workpiece, m 2 (in 2) | |
| B | width of V or U die, m (in) | |
| c | chisel edge length, m (in) | |
| d | diameter of the hole, m (in) diameter of the drill, m (in) depth of cut, m (in) | |
| D | blank diameter, m (in) diameter of milling cutter, m (in) shell diameter, m (in) | |
| D m | diameter of machined surface, m (in) | |
| D w | diameter of workpiece or job, m (in) | |
| E | Young's modulus, GPa (kpsi) work done in punching or shearing of material, N m (lbf ft) work done per unit volume of removed, J/mm 3 | |
| F | force, kN (lbf) | |
| F a = F x | axial component of cutting force, kN (lbf) | |
| F c | cutting force, kN (lbf) | |
| F hc | normal cutting force or the resultant force on a single point metal cutting tool in the horizontal plane, kN (lbf) | |
| E max | maximum force at the punch, kN (lbf) | |
| F n | force normal to F ?, kN (lbf) | |
| F n ? | force normal to shear force, kN (lbf) | |
| F r | reaction of the cutting force, kN (lbf) radial component of the cutting force, kN(lbf) | |
| F R | resultant cutting force, kN (lbf) | |
| F s | stripping pressure, kN (lbf) | |
| F f = F x | feed force, kN (lbf) | |
| F t = F z = F c |
