TABLE OF CONTENTS The operation of a transducer is tightly coupled to one or more electrical phenomena or electrical effects.1 3 ,12 These effects are listed below. Some relate to more advanced concepts for transducers that are leaving the research and development laboratories and making an entry into the commercial world. In addition, the most useful and important measurands are also listed.
| Capacitive | Thermoelectric effects (Seebeck and Peltier) |
| Inductive and electromagnetic | |
| Resistive and thermoresistive | lonization effects |
| Piezoresistive effect | Photoelectric effect |
| Hall effect | Photoresistive effect |
| Lateral effect | Photovoltaic effect |
| Extrinsic, interferometric, and evanes | Acoustooptic effect |
| cent effects in optical fibers | Fluorescence and fluorescence quench |
| Magnetoresistive effect | ing effect |
| Piezoelectric effect | Field effect |
| Tunneling effect | Doppler effect |
| Displacement | Atomic and surface profiles |
| Position | Gas concentration and pH |
| Velocity | pH and partial pressures of O 2 and CO 2 |
| Acceleration | in blood |
| Force and load | Infrared radiation |
| Strain | Torque |
| Rotation and encoding | Magnetic fields |
| Vibrations | Acoustic fields |
| Flow | Medical imaging |
| Temperature | Nondestructive testing |
| Pressure | Audio fields and noise |
| Vacuum | Rotation and guidance |
| Relative humidity |
