Fabricated Parts / Shapes Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Description
Fabricated parts and shapes made from nonferrous metals and alloys are components that are manufactured without the use of iron as the base metal. These materials include metals such as copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, titanium, and precious metals. The fabrication process involves cutting, bending, and assembling these metals into specific shapes and parts that meet precise specifications for various engineering needs.
Working Principle
The fabrication of nonferrous metal parts involves several processes such as cutting, bending, and assembling. These metals are chosen for their specific properties, such as conductivity, corrosion resistance, and lightweight characteristics. The fabrication process can include techniques like welding, riveting, and the use of adhesives to assemble the final product. These metals are particularly useful because they offer unique mechanical properties that can be tailored to specific engineering requirements, such as tensile strength and elongation, which are critical for performance in demanding environments.
Applications
Nonferrous metals and alloys are used in a wide range of applications. For example, aluminum is extensively used in the automotive and aerospace industries due to its lightweight yet robust nature. Copper is ideal for electrical components and decorative elements because of its high conductivity and corrosion resistance. These metals are also employed in plumbing, aerospace, and nuclear industries, showcasing their versatility and importance in both everyday and high-tech applications.
Advantages over other Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Aluminum, for instance, is favored over other metals in applications where weight is a critical factor, such as in aerospace and automotive industries. Its lightweight nature does not compromise its strength, making it an excellent choice for reducing overall weight without sacrificing durability. Copper's high conductivity and corrosion resistance make it superior for electrical applications compared to other nonferrous metals.
Limitations
One limitation of nonferrous metals is their cost, which can be higher compared to ferrous metals. Additionally, some nonferrous metals may not offer the same level of strength as certain ferrous metals, which can limit their use in applications requiring extremely high strength. Furthermore, the fabrication processes for nonferrous metals can be more complex and require specialized equipment and techniques.
Considerations
When selecting nonferrous metals for fabrication, several factors should be considered. Initial costs can be higher due to the price of raw materials and the complexity of the fabrication process. Operating expenses may also be elevated due to the need for specialized equipment and skilled labor. However, the durability and corrosion resistance of nonferrous metals can lead to lower maintenance and replacement costs over time. Accuracy in fabrication is crucial, as these metals often serve in applications where precision is paramount.
from DME Company
Bubbler Tubes, Diverting Plugs and Rods. D-M-E Bubbler Tubes are used for cooling cores in molds or dies. They are supplied threaded at both ends, thus permitting two threaded tubes to be cut from the 18" length supplied. They can be used as replacement tubes in Cascade Water Junctions. D-M-E Brass... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Round Bar or Rod Stock
- Applications: Repair, Resurfacing or Filling Compound; Wear resistant parts or tooling
- Nonferrous: Copper
from JBC Technologies, Inc.
JBC ’s capabilities include wide web embossing of 1-12 mil aluminum foil and 1-10 mil stainless steel up to 60 ” wide. Embossing, a process that adds a Z-axis to the material, provides for better formability during molding, minimizing tearing, especially in deep draw areas of formed... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Foil
- Nonferrous: Aluminum
from Qnnect, formerly Hermetic Solutions Group
Materials may exhibit good corrosive resistance, electrical conductivity, or thermal conductivity, yet lack in the areas of strength, hardness, weld-ability, or wear resistance characteristics required in the final design. Qnnect, formerly Hermetic Solutions Group has helped customers to achieve the... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Billet / Bloom
- Features: Corrosion Resistant
- Specialty / Other Types: CladBimetal
- Applications: Bearings or Bearing Quality; Electronics or semiconductors; Marine; Nuclear; Pressure Vessel (PVQ); Wear resistant parts or tooling
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Brass Refrigerant Distributor. Item No.: TY-E03. Material: C3710. Size: Filter 120M. Appearance: No bumps, strains and other defects. Application: Air conditioner parts, pipe fittings, VRV, VRF system. Custom Design: Available [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Alloy; Specialty; C3710
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Applications: Air conditioner parts, pipe fittings, VRV, VRF system
from Plansee SE
During the aluminum casting process, the metal melt is either poured or pressed into the mold. This process is used, for example, to manufacture cylinder heads, wheel rims and many other aluminum castings. Here, the mold has to repeatedly withstand the metal melt at a temperature of over 600 °C:... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Mold Inserts
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Tungsten
from Concast Metal Products Co.
Aluminum bronze is the highest strength standard copper based alloy. Concast produces C95400, C95500 and C95900 in standard sizes of rounds, tubes and rectangles. Aluminum in conjunction with iron and nickel in C95500 acts as a strengthener in these alloys. All of the aluminum bronzes can be heat... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Billet / Bloom; Squares; Bar Stock; Hex; Plate; Profile or Structural Shape; Flats / Rectangular Bar
- Specialty / Other Types: Alloy
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Grade: 95400
from Elmet Technologies LLC
Molybdenum's properties include a melting point of 2610 ° C, good electrical conductivity and tensile strength at high temperatures, along with low vapor pressure and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Coil Stock; Bar Stock; Round Bar or Rod Stock
- Width / OD: 0.1250
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Molybdenum
- Length: 72
from Tokusen Kogyo Co., Ltd.
Probe card pins are high-performance pins used for electronic component testing. These pins have a precision tapered profile. Probe card pins contact electrode pads on LSI chips and other semiconductor devices during the production process to test for conductivity. As today ’s LSI chips become... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.)
- Width / OD: 0.0020 to 0.0098
- Nonferrous: PreciousNoble; Palladium; Refractory / Reactive; Tungsten; Beryllium
- Length: 0.9843 to 5.91
from Thermo Shield
Included in our stock of inch and metric refractory fasteners is Molybdenum (Mo or Moly), Tantalum (Ta), Tungsten (W), and Alumina (Al2O3 or AD998) screws (fillister, flat & pan head), nuts (hex, square, round with flat or double d, & round slotted), washers (flat, thin, & shoulder), threaded rod,... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Fasteners
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Molybdenum
from item America, LLC
Panel-Clamping Strips 8 are ideal for retrofitting panel elements (preferably made of Acrylic Glass, PET-G or Polycarbonate) into a closed profile frame. Apart from straight saw cuts, no further machining of the panel element or Panel-Clamping Strips is required if the profile frame is connected... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Profile or Structural Shape
- Features: Corrosion Resistant
- Nonferrous: Aluminum
- Applications: Modular Aluminum Framing Systems
from JBC Technologies, Inc.
At JBC, we don ’t just emboss and die cut foil. If desired, we ’ll microperforate foils up to 60 ” wide as well to improve the acoustical performance of the finished part. At JBC, you have options. We have extensive experience sourcing, die cutting, and converting light gauge... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Foil
- Nonferrous: Aluminum
from Qnnect, formerly Hermetic Solutions Group
Design engineers are often faced with the dilemma of material selection, and frequently, they find that a combination of materials provides the optimal properties required by the design. Qnnect, formerly Hermetic Solutions Group ’s explosively bonded metals can join otherwise incompatible... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Billet / Bloom
- Features: Corrosion Resistant
- Specialty / Other Types: CladBimetal
- Applications: Bearings or Bearing Quality; Electronics or semiconductors; Marine; Nuclear; Pressure Vessel (PVQ); Wear resistant parts or tooling
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Copper Cooling Block. Item No.: TY-C01. Material: C1100. Size: L102.0*W70.0*H9.5. Solder: Ag72Cu28. Appearance: No oxidation, inner and outer surfaces clean, no impurities. Parameters: 200Psi to detect leak. Application: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermoelectric cooling system. Custom... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1100
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 2.76
from Plansee SE
We can supply you with rivets, screws and nuts made of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum and niobium as well as a wide range of alloys that perfectly meet the needs of your project. Our range includes hexagon rivets, round head rivets and combination rivet shapes. Our line in screws comprises both... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Screws, Rivets and Bolts
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Molybdenum; Tantalum; Niobium / Niobium Alloy; Tungsten
from Elmet Technologies LLC
Material from .090 inches to 3 inches in thickness is classified as molybdenum plate. It is widely used in the construction of furnace tooling and parts and as a feed stock for the fabrication of parts for the electronics and semiconductor industries. Standard availability is described below. Other... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Bar Stock; Flats / Rectangular Bar
- Thickness: 1.00E-3
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Molybdenum
- Width / OD: 12
from Tokusen Kogyo Co., Ltd.
Space saving: Keep same strength on same space. Narrow pitch arrangement on spring probet, Fine springs, Wave springs, and so on. Catheter tubes : Can keep wide ID for medical devices. Cost reducing: Can reduce various costs by using shaped wire instead of Slit process. Pins with complex shapes,... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Wire
- Width / OD: 0.0020
- Nonferrous: Titanium (optional feature); Copper (optional feature); Nickel (optional feature)
from Thermo Shield
Molybdenum refractory screen is known under many names (Mesh, Wire Cloth, Screen Grid, & Wire Mesh). It has a high strength to weight ratio, is not subject to hydrogen embrittlement, is more ductile than tungsten and only one half as dense. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Screen
- Width / OD: 16
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Molybdenum
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Copper Liquid Cold Plate. Item No.: TY-L10. Material: TPM2/6061. Size: 280 ×101.6x10mm. Appearance: Bending place no creases, inner and outer surface clean, no impurities. Parameters: Flat < 13%, pressure >3Mpa. Application: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermal cooling... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Alloy; Specialty; TPM2/6061
- Nonferrous: Aluminum; Copper
- Applications: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermal cooling system, thermal solutions
from Elmet Technologies LLC
Material below .005 inches in thickness is classified as foil. Typical uses for it are production of drawn parts, electronic components, metallizing sources, furnace insulation and chemically etched parts. Molybdenum foil has the ability to be etched into fine patterns, which makes it useful to the... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Foil
- Thickness: 1.00E-3 to 0.0050
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Molybdenum
- Width / OD: 0.2500 to 12
from Tokusen Kogyo Co., Ltd.
Music wires for super small springs. “TOSMICRO ” has the smallest diameter and strongest tensile in the world. The smallest diameter: Min. Φ0.008 mm. World strongest tensile- Max. 4,800 MPa. Applications: For fine springs (Spring Probe, Home applications, Cell-Phones, and so on) [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Wire
- Gauge: 1.00E-3
- Width / OD: 3.15E-4
- Applications: Electronics or semiconductors; Home Applications, Cell Phones, Spring Probe
from Thermo Shield
Included in our stock of inch and metric refractory fasteners is Molybdenum (Mo or Moly), Tantalum (Ta), Tungsten (W), and Alumina (Al2O3 or AD998) screws (fillister, flat & pan head), nuts (hex, square, round with flat or double d, & round slotted), washers (flat, thin, & shoulder), threaded rod,... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Fasteners
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Tantalum
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Custom Cold Plate. Item No.: TY-L06. Material: C1220/C3604. Size: D8.0*T0.8*R9.52. Solder: BCu80PAg (Ag15% ). Appearance: Full Welding, no weld defects, bending place no creases, inner and outer surface clean, no impurities. Parameters: Flat < 13%, 2.5 Mpa to detect leak. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1220/C3604
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 0.3150
from Elmet Technologies LLC
Material from .005 inches to .090 inches in thickness is classified as molybdenum sheet. It is used for fabrication of sintering boats, high temperature furnace heating elements and heat shields. Standard availability is described below. Other sizes and tolerances are available. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Sheet
- Thickness: 0.0050 to 0.0900
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Molybdenum
- Width / OD: 0.2500 to 24
from Tokusen Kogyo Co., Ltd.
World smallest level fine wires: Min. Φ0.008 mm. World strongest level Tensile strength: Max. 3,200 MPa. ・ Available various plating/coating. ・ Available various stainless steels [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Wire
- Width / OD: 3.15E-4
- Nonferrous: Titanium (optional feature); Magnesium (optional feature); Nickel (optional feature)
- Gauge: 1.00E-3
from Thermo Shield
Tantalum refractory screen is known under many names (Mesh, Wire Cloth, Screen Grid, & Wire Mesh). It has a high strength to weight ratio, is not subject to hydrogen embrittlement, is more ductile than tungsten and only one half as dense. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Screen
- Width / OD: 12
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Tantalum
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Custom Cooling Plate. Item No.: TY-L01. Material: C1220/C1100. Size: D6..0*T0.75*R12.0. Solder: BCu80PAg (Ag15% ). Appearance: Bending place no creases, inner and outer surface clean, no impurities. Parameters: Flat < 13%, 2.5 Mpa to detect leak. Application: Liquid... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1220/C1100
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 0.2362
from Elmet Technologies LLC
Tungsten lamp filaments, which operate at temperatures in the range of 2400 ° C, are successfully mounted on molybdenum wires; the wire acting both as a heat sink and a support while lowering the temperature at the support junction. Likewise, molybdenum sees wide use in the construction of power... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Coil Stock; Wire
- Width / OD: 0.0030 to 0.2500
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Molybdenum
- Features: Corrosion Resistant
from Tokusen Kogyo Co., Ltd.
Properties of Wire Probe: ・Needs gold plating and isolation coating. ・The contact load is obtained by using the deflection of the wire. ・Wire characteristics affect inspection accuracy and life. Benefits of using a wire probe: ・Long life (No need springs). ・Stable... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Width / OD: 0.0028 to 0.0197
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Tungsten
- Length: 0.7874 to 7.87
from Thermo Shield
Included in our stock of inch and metric refractory fasteners is Molybdenum (Mo or Moly), Tantalum (Ta), Tungsten (W), and Alumina (Al2O3 or AD998) screws (fillister, flat & pan head), nuts (hex, square, round with flat or double d, & round slotted), washers (flat, thin, & shoulder), threaded rod,... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Fasteners
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Tungsten
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Custom Liquid Cold Plate. Item No.: TY-L07. Material: C1220. Size: D9.53*T1.25*R12.7. Appearance: Bending place no creases, inner and outer surface clean, no impurities. Parameters: Flat < 13%, pressure >3Mpa. Application: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermoelectric cooling... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1220
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 0.3752
from Thermo Shield
Tungsten refractory screen is known under many names (Mesh, Wire Cloth, Screen Grid, & Wire Mesh). It has a high strength to weight ratio, is not subject to hydrogen embrittlement, is more ductile than tungsten and only one half as dense. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes; Screen
- Width / OD: 10 to 20
- Nonferrous: Refractory / Reactive; Tungsten
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Liquid Cold Plate. Item No.: TY-L02. Material: C1220. Size: 6.35*T0.75*R10.0/R25.4. Appearance: Bending place no creases, inner and outer surface clean, no impurities. Parameters: Flat < 13%, pressure >3Mpa. Application: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermoelectric cooling... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1220
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Applications: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermoelectric cooling system
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Liquid Cold Plate. Item No.: TY-L03. Material: C1220. Size: D9.52*T1.25*R9.52. Appearance: Bending place no creases, inner and outer surface clean, no impurities. Parameters: Flat < 13%, pressure >3Mpa. Application: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermoelectric cooling system. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1220
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 0.3748
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Liquid Cold Plate. Item No.: TY-L08. Material: C1220. Size: D12.7*T1.25*R25.4.0. Appearance: Bending place no creases, inner and outer surface clean, no impurities. Parameters: Flat < 13%, pressure >5Mpa. Application: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermoelectric cooling system. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1220
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 0.5000
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name:Liquid Cooled Plate. Item No.: TY-L05. Material: C1220/C3604. Size: D12.0*T1.0*R30.0. Solder: BCu80PAg (Ag15% ). Appearance: Full Welding, no weld defects, bending place no creases, inner and outer surface clean, no impurities. Parameters: Flat < 13%, 2.5 Mpa to detect... [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1220/C3604
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 0.4724
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Welding Copper Cooling Block. Item No.: TY-C06. Material: C1100. Size: L90.0*W81.5*H50.0. Solder: Ag72Cu28. Appearance: No oxidation, inner and outer surfaces clean, no impurities. Parameters: 200Psi to detect leak. Application: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermoelectric cooling system. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1100
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 3.21
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Welding Copper Cooling Block. Item No.: TY-C07. Material: C1100. Size: L122.0*W89.0*H11.0. Solder: Ag72Cu28. Appearance: No oxidation, inner and outer surfaces clean, no impurities. Parameters: 200Psi to detect leak. Application: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermoelectric cooling system. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1100
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 3.5
from TONGYU Technology Co., Ltd.
Name: Welding Copper Cooling Block. Item No.: TY-C08. Material: C1100. Size: L122.0*W89.0*H11.0. Solder: Ag72Cu28. Appearance: No oxidation, inner and outer surfaces clean, no impurities. Parameters: 200Psi to detect leak. Application: Liquid cooling, water cooling, thermoelectric cooling system. [See More]
- Shape / Form: Fabricated Parts or Shapes (Castings, Forgings, Machined Parts, etc.); Semi-finished, Mill Stock or Near Net Shapes
- Specialty / Other Types: Specialty; C1100
- Nonferrous: Copper
- Width / OD: 3.5